Abstract
This paper discusses the case of a kidnapped boy who suffered from the Stockholm syndrome. The paper explains Stockholm syndrome and then looks at what researchers and psychologists have to say about this syndrome. The paper discusses how Shawn Hornbeck was just 11 years old at the time he was abducted (an age when most children still require parental figures) and, as a survival technique, bonded with a man who was not his father but his kidnapper. The paper also notes that the term Stockholm Syndrome was coined in reference to events that happened to adults who were held hostage for just six days. Yet these adults had become emotionally bonded to their captors within those few days. The writer then proposes a method for conducting a meta analysis on existing research of Stockholme syndrome, using a boarding school for field research. The writer concludes that physically removing children from their parents for boarding school causes them to establish a bi-directional emotional bond with the parental substitutes, which tends to confirm the theory that Hornbeck's failure to escape was caused by Stockholm Syndrome, as has been speculated in the media.

From the Paper
"Thus, in terms of this theory, Hornbeck would actually have bonded with Devlin. This bonding would likely have been motivated by his unconscious or conscious assumption that such bonding would increase the chances that Devlin would not kill him. Certainly, the hypothesis that Hornbeck bonded with Devlin is borne out by news reports that the boy had identified himself as Shawn Devlin on internet sites. Taking someone's name is surely a powerful sign of bonding - after all, the most usual time when this occurs is on marriage, which is one of the most significant types of voluntary bonding."

Tags:kidnap, child, abuse, fear, emotional, bond, abduction

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth analysis of how Stockholm Syndrome impacted two kidnapped boys who had been rescued from their abductor and returned to their families. the paper further highlights why the older boy, Shawn Hornbeck, had not escaped his abductor on his own. This leads to a detailed description of Stockholm Syndrome.

From the Paper
"In January of 2007, news headlines around the world proclaimed very good news - two kidnapped boys had been rescued from their abductor and returned to their families. It is likely that almost every parent who read those stories felt joyful at the thought of the parents who got their sons back home safely. But within a day or two, people were beginning to question why the older boy, Shawn Hornbeck, had not escaped his abductor on his own. Hornbeck was kidnapped four years ago, when he was 11 years old. Since then, he had been observed by neighbours riding his bicycle..."

Tags:stockholm, syndrome, hornbeck

Abstract
This paper explores the medical condition known as Down Syndrome, describing it as a congenital state characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple defects, especially in the realms of physical manifestations. The paper discusses Down Syndrome through a case study of nine-year-old Brittany who was born with the most common features and defects associated with the disorder. The paper explains how, as a child afflicted with Down Syndrome, Brittany has learned to cope with her disability and blend in with the rest of her family and with society.

From the Paper
"A number of abnormal events or mistakes can occur during meiosis that can radically affect the growth and development of the embryo. Some of these mistakes can lead to Down Syndrome which "usually results from what is called non-disjunction or a failure of one pair of chromosomes to separate evenly during meiosis" (Lubec, 1999, 178). In non-disjunction, one daughter cell receives 24 chromosomes and the other cell 22 which cannot survive and cannot be fertilized, due to missing an entire chromosome. When this occurs, the resulting fertilized egg has 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. This is often referred to as a trisomy (three chromosomes), and in Down Syndrome, it is the number 21 chromosome that does not separate properly. Most specialists and researchers today refer to this as Trisomy 21, another term for Down Syndrome."

Tags:chromosomes, genetics, retardation

Abstract
This paper looks at Down Syndrome. Named after English physician, John Langdon Down, this is a congenital condition characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple defects. It is the most common chromosomal abnormality of a generalized syndrome and is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It looks at how doctors, scientists, and researchers continue to explore the causes, effects, and treatment of Down Syndrome, and how, with the technological advances in the field of modern genetics, researchers are beginning to isolate individual genes in order to study their specific functions.

Outline
Introduction
Causes of Down Syndrome
Genetic Mechanisms for Down Syndrome
The Symptoms of Down Syndrome
Case Study
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In order to fully understand the medical causes of Down Syndrome, a clear knowledge on the genetic basis of the disorder is required. During the fertilization stage, sperm and eggs cells are created through different processes called meiosis in which each pair of chromosomes splits or disjoins from each other which causes each daughter cell to receive only one chromosome from the original pair. Before they are fully developed, reproductive cells start out with 46 chromosomes, but as they mature, meiosis reduces their chromosome count to twenty-three. Thus, at conception, the sperm and egg each contain 23 chromosomes, being half the usual number; however, errors in chromosomal division during meiosis are very common."

Tags:chromosome, meiosis, genetics, mental, retardation

Abstract
This paper describes the symptoms, causes, treatments, and neurological nature of Rett Syndrome. A case study of a child with the disease is also included.

From the Paper
"Rett Syndrome (RS) is a neurological disorder that results from arrested brain development and usually affects females during infancy. Categorized as a childhood disorder, the symptoms usually do not occur until the girl is 6-18 months old. Until then, the baby develops normally. Some time between6-18 months, the baby's developmental status slows down, and to the parents' disappointment, their little girl does not learn how to stand, crawl, or walk at the proper time. She also starts loosing any skills that she already had, such as saying her first words, picking up small objects, and showing an interest in her surroundings. Her head growth gradually decelerates, and the once purposeful hands start wringling and moving in repetitive movements."

Tags:developmentally, delayed, intellectually, disabled, lacks, purposeful, hand, movement

Abstract
This paper examines the case of Marna, a 37-year-old housewife who was suspected of suffering from Munchausen's Syndrome. The paper explains that Marna's children became ill, and one died, under suspicious circumstances, resulting in Marna's eventual conviction of Medicaid fraud, child cruelty, and premeditated murder. The paper notes that Munchausen Syndrome is hard to diagnose, treat, and understand; however, one motivation of sufferers is the desire for the attention and sympathy that is often lavished on parents of sick children. The paper concludes that this rare disorder is still considered suspect and is still debated by the legal and psychiatric professions; the crucial factors are early detection and awareness.

Outline:
Overview
Emotional Components
Cognitive Components
Behavioral Components
References

From the Paper
"Marna may have been suffering from a disorder known as Munchausen by Proxy syndrome (MBPS); however, because there is little known about this disorder it is difficult to diagnose. "Munchausen by Proxy syndrome (MBPS) is a form of factitious disorder in which a caregiver, usually the mother, fabricates or actually induces physical or psychological symptoms in her child, for which she then seeks extensive medical testing and/or hospitalizations" (Hansell & Damour, 2008, p. 316). The biological components may be based in the nervous system or the nerve cells (Hamdounia, 2004). This disorder tends to broaden the mind-body argument and goes to the extreme with regard to the desire to feel or believe that one is important. The abusive behavior exhibited by those women because women are usually the care-givers, in some way fills a void and meets a number of psychological needs like the desire for the mind and body to acquire homeostasis. In addition, it is essential to take note that many Munchausen by Proxy perpetrators themselves experienced Munchausen Syndrome themselves at some point in their lives. The reasoning behind this theory is that "in any homeostatic state, there might exist two systems in disequilibrium, which eventually collide to create the 'catastrophe' of change" (Silman, 2010, p. 2)."

Tags:Munchausen, Proxy, syndrome

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of the psychological treatment of Sjogren's Syndrome. The author describes the diagnosis criteria for the syndrome. The paper relates the physical causes and therapies to relieve anxieties and stress suffered by the patient.

From the Paper
"The following presents a case analysis of a patient with Sjogren's Syndrome. The case is presented followed by diagnosis criteria for Sjogren's Syndrome. Typical treatment is discussed along with three adjunct psychotherapies."

Tags:treatment, of, sjogren's, syndrome, psychological

Abstract
This paper looks at whether smoking marijuana causes amotivational syndrome, the term given to the tranquilizing of marijuana on its users, particularly adolescents. The author discusses the symptoms, such as apathy, an inability to carry out plans or concentrate, and impairment of speech and writing. The paper also discusses plans for a twelve-year study, and concludes that the research already conducted on amotivational syndrome is not influenced by the amount of marijuana one smokes.

From the Paper
"Amotivational Syndrome is a syndrome in which people are predisposed to. Smoking marijuana during adolescence can stunt an individual's psychological growth, but it does not necessarily lead to Amotivational Syndrome. There is no doubt that a correlation exists between marijuana use and Amotivational Syndrome, but the causal relationship is unclear. There is a substantial amount of information against marijuana being the cause of Amotivational Syndrome, but it is still considered to be a factor in perpetuating the syndrome further. It is common for people with other psychological disorders or learning disorders to have several of the symptoms of Amotivational Syndrome."

Tags:cannibis, drugs, ganja, hash, marijuana, motivation, smoke, smoking, studying, syndrome, weed

Abstract
This medical essay is a case study of an adult woman who is exhibiting symptoms of Post-Streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), or "Post-Strep Syndrome", as it affects the kidneys but can also present hypertension or other symptoms normally pertaining to cardio-respiratory concerns; however, in this study an auto-immune reaction is also of concern. The essay provides detailed results of preliminary examination, including blood work and other diagnostic tests. Initial treatments are discussed and PSGN is described with relation to the woman's symptoms and risk-factor.

Tags:NURSING, HEALTHCARE / ILLNESS (DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT), case study potential

Abstract
This paper looks at Selye's syndrome, known also as General Adaptation Syndrome. Selye was the fist to talk about stress and its cause, starting in the 1920's. The writer discusses that he is credited with discovering what is behind "just feeling sick" and recognizing it is due to the body's response to constant stress. The writer reveals Selye's belief that it is the "wear and tear on the body."

From the Paper
"Hans Selye wrote in the front piece of his book 'Stress': 'To those who are under the exhausting nervous strain of pursuing their ideal whatever it may be to the martyrs who sacrifice themselves for others as well as to those hounded by selfish ambition fear jealousy and worst of all by hate. For my stress stems from the urge to help and not to judge But most personally this book is dedicated to my wife who helped so much to ..."

Tags:Seyle's syndrome, General Adaptation Syndrome