Abstract This paper examines the legal issues emerging from the StevenTruscottcase of the late 1950s, a case that broke new ground in shaping and shaking popular understandings of the Canadian criminal justice system. Particular attention is focused on social and cultural factors - especially attitudes towards sexuality and media pressure contributing to a rush to convict - as contributing elements to this case. Comparisons are drawn to a similar case in the United States at this time - the Sam Sheppard trial - to illustrate how this situation is not limited to Canadian law but, in fact, reflects wider social and cultural realities. Increasing anti-institutional sentiments in both Canada and the United States have contributed to a revisiting of both cases, sentiments that both cases also played a role in shaping.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Culture and Sexuality
Tunnel Vision and the Issue of Disclosure
The Sheppard Case, Media and Authority
Conclusion
From the Paper "One of the major legal problems to emerge from the Truscott trial was one of disclosure or discovery. As the Daum story reveals, the culture of the 1950s - which placed much more faith in the honesty and integrity of law enforcement officials than today -allowed law enforcement officials to effectively bury evidence that may have been of assistance to the Truscott defense. Indeed, it may be argued that cases such as Truscott contributed to an evolution in criminal law in such matters: "Rules of evidence today oblige the Crown and the police to disclose all the relevant information they turn up in the course of their investigations" (Sher 299)."
Abstract This paper discusses the point of view of different schools and presents different case studies of socialorder maintenance. It describes recent developments in many fields and focuses on terrorism and white collar crimes. It also examines how military power can be used to maintain socialorder. The issues of censorship during Vietnam and other wars is discussed, as well as media representation and its effect on socialorder.
From the Paper "In a model society each individual would strive selflessly for the common good. In reality, various tactics need be employed on behalf of those granted power and by the majority in order to maintain such social order, against deviants that threaten to undermine it. How social order is possible and how it is maintained has been one of the most fundamental questions of sociology since its beginning (Dittrich et al., 2003). The same, however, cannot be said for the study of crime since crime and criminology have not always raised concerns for the maintenance of social order, but rather looked at what individual aspects make some people deviant from the norms set by society."
Tags: collar, control, criminological, criminology, power, thories, white
A look at how Islam demonstrates itself as a stronghold of socialorder, as a lifestyle depending on the norms and principles which are ordained divinely.
Abstract This paper explains that a socially just society, which relies upon the unity and equality of all believers, is visualized by the Quran. The author describes the ways Islamic moral and socialjustice offsets all kinds of oppression and exploitation. The paper stresses that, even though this socialorder is focused upon practical concerns that make the observance of Islam advantageous and just, problems occur when the Jihadis attempt to compulsorily extend this socialorder to the whole world by means of coercion.
From the Paper "The Qur'an indicates that in Islam, no supremacy, no discrimination and no pre-eminence could be legally claimed by one over that of another other than with regard to the virtue of piety. All are alike in terms of their social status and this is completely apparent in the congregational prayers where there is no scope for designation and special advantage. All are alike in the eyes of God irrespective of being a caliph or slave. Prophet Muhammad viewed that all persons were equal similar to that of the teeth of a comb."
Abstract This paper discusses, using George Orwell's "1984" as an example, how advances in technology have the potential of controlling socialorder. It looks at how in today's society, more socialorder is required to address problems such as generalized insecurity, criminal victimization and fear of crime and how without some social controls, there would be no defined ordered and chaos would rule. It looks at how monitoring devices designed to monitor and locate people, which are currently used primarily for elderly people and children open up a world of possibilities for decriminalization.
From the Paper "Technology, in and of itself, offers no threat to the social order; specific technologies within the hands of abusers, does. A printing press can be used by one man to create a card professing his love to the woman of his dreams while another man can use it to produce hate propaganda. It is expressly important in this fervent atmosphere to create more sophisticated technologies that the individual remain vigilant and not give away privacy in the interest of decriminalization and thus give self-fulfillment to Cronkite's recognition. "Greater efficiency, ease, and security may come at a substantial price in freedom, that law and order can be a doublethink version of oppression, that individual liberties surrendered for whatever good reason are freedoms lost" (Orwell 2)."
Abstract The following discusses the various aspects of family as a social institution with respect to the conflict and functionalist theoretical perspectives. It also points out the basis for socialorder and explains how socialorder can be maintained while at the same time allowing for necessary social conflict and/or change. Finally it discusses homosexuality and the ways in which it challenges the traditional definition of family.
An analysis of the ideal of the state controlled federal government in "Capitalism and a New SocialOrder: The Republican Vision of the 1790s" by Joyce Appleby.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 26.95
Abstract This paper will discuss the book "Capitalism and a New SocialOrder: The Republican Vision of the 1790s", by Joyce Appleby and seek to find what the Jeffersonian Republican Administration was really undergoing in its war with Hamiltonian objectives to secure a stronger federalist government. By understanding this complex financial and political situation in the dual party system of the New Republic, we can see how this book reflects some of the good points and the harsher ones of the Jeffersonian ideal of the state controlled Federal Government that would have limited powers.
Abstract This seven-page undergraduate paper examines and analyzes how socialorder is possible when there are so many significant differences among people, in terms of the refugees in "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down". The author also applies the theories of Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Goffman in developing her theme.
Abstract This paper provides a review of Joyce Appleby's book "Capitalism and a New SocialOrder" which deals with the Republican vision of the 1790's. The writer of this paper details several of the main points of the book and discusses how it relates to current world events.
Abstract The paper discusses the novel "1984," where society is based on the conformity of individuals because of their fear of what will happen to them if they oppose those in control. In reality, it is evident that many societies throughout the world have functioned with this type of socialorder. The communist regime of the Soviet Union, Hitler's Nazi Germany and the governments of some Middle Eastern countries have promoted control of their citizens based on fear. The paper explains that the ideology expressed in "1984," that these types of countries cannot survive over time, however, is correct.
Abstract Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. This paper discusses how conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety. It explains that the theory relies on a Marxist interpretation of the function of a capitalist society. It also shows how the theory argues for a broader definition of crime to include offenses and actions intended to maintain the ruling structure. This paper addresses how the theory and models of punishment based on the theory require an understanding of criminal justice that takes into consideration the social and political causes of crime, particularly models of treatment based on a concept of restorative justice.
Table of Contents
History and Definition of Conflict Theory
Human Nature
SocialOrder Causal Logic of Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Policy
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Practice
Evaluation
Bibliography
From the Paper "Before the 1960s, most criminology research and theory was conducted under the rubric of structural-functionalism, which assumed the primacy of the social system and the inter-relationship of social institutions without much focus or consideration for the individuals or groups who made up the institutions. However, critics of these theories argued that by minimizing the social conflict and tension inherent within society, these theories supported a politically conservative agenda within sociology and criminology."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that it is evident that history has forced most immigrants to the US to take on the responsibility of socialization individually, without support from social organizations. The writer further relates that, in the initial mass immigration that occurred during industrialization, this philosophy lead to the formation of cultural communities across the US that worked to support cultural members and the greater socialorder as well. The writer then points out that, as time has progressed, however, there have been millions of immigrants that have arrived in the nation, both legal and illegal, who have relied solely on these cultural communities for socialization. Ultimately this has created a separation between cultural communities and the larger socialorder because there has been a lack of organizational or institutional support for immigrants. The writer then asserts that it is therefore apparent that it is time for institutions and individuals to fulfill their social contract with society and assist immigrants in becoming socialized. The writer concludes that it is only through this dual effort that one society will function for the greater good, which includes fulfilling the needs of all cultural groups and prevents segregation of cultural groups from the greater socialorder.
From the Paper "For example, millions of illegal immigrants are demanding that they be given their citizenship because of their extended stays within the country. This demand is supported by numerous groups within the Hispanic culture that believe that crossing the border into the United States and functioning in society without incident should be sufficient grounds for citizenship. Yet, the opposing viewpoint to this argument suggests that by offering citizenship to this population, the country is degrading the efforts of other immigrants that have followed legal pathways to becoming citizens. Clearly, the latter argument supports the intentions of society to conduct immigration through legal processes, while the initial argument supports a cultural desire that strays from the legal structure of the nation. Additionally, it should be noted that the first argument serves to separate the needs of one group from the needs of the greater society, while the second argument insists upon a universal format for immigration.
"Therefore, demanding that immigrants should be responsible for their own socialization process in which they create their own resources and opportunities is possible. However, without the support of social organizations that essentially allow for a universal understanding of American life and the American culture, individuals rely on cultural communities that support only a particular culture's way of life and not the nation."
Abstract This paper argues that IT possesses the capacity to radically alter social and political interaction in modern society; although not in the ways in which IT hypesters usually suggest. It will be seen that IT promotes, not increased democracy and social interaction, but escapism and anti-social activities. For this reason, modern technology can be said to be (de)constructive; as much destructive of socialorder as it is constructive.
Abstract This paper provides information shared between two friends, a Cree Indian from Canada and a Nigerian. It describes the writers' backgrounds and their various cultures. The paper focuses on two very important aspects of their cultures - one being dance as it relates to their relevant religions and the other being the socialorder of their cultures and societies.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Outing
My Culture: Cree
My partner's culture: Nigeria
Cultural Exchange
Beliefs, Values and Assumptions
Ambassador Comments
Examples Of An Open Question To Further Conversation
Examples Of Closed-Ended Questions To Prompt For Specifics
Use Of Body Language And Expression
Examples Of Stating What Was Heard
Active Listening
Conclusion
From the Paper "It is also important to realize that we can learn a lot from other cultures. For example, we can learn from a culture that may be more relaxed and less stressful about daily activities. It may be helpful for people in the United States to take an hour break after lunch to relax rather than going back to work right away as some cultures do."
"We all talk about the world becoming flatter, and communication between countries expanding through the Internet and other such vehicles. Soon, it will not matter where you live in relationship to someone else. You will be able to communicate as easily with that person across the world as someone next door. It is hoped that this will make the world a better place with more understanding. Many of the problems that exist between countries are due to the fear of something different. Once one sees how similar a group of people are, this mistrust can go away along with all the negative effects this has."
A review of the article "A practical but theory-based framework for selecting cross-cultural training methods" by J. Stewart Black and Mark Mendenhall.
762 words (approx. 3 pages), 0 sources, 2002, $ 27.95
Abstract This paper examines the above article which establishes the need to create a bridge between business cultures in order to be successful in the business world. It discusses the necessity for a proper framework that effectively administers cross cultural training (CCT) that must be adequate to specific needs, must be flexible for different people and nationalities and must be complete in all respects so that business executives have the necessary confidence when they deal with other cultural groups in order to avoid misunderstandings that may cause the failure of a potential business feat. It discusses how Social Learning Theory (SLT) complements CCT in an effective training schedule and how this may be implemented to help pinpoint training requirements.
From the Paper "Since business operations cannot be delineated from good relationships, this aspect of doing business is very much important. In international businesses different nationalities have to interact with each other in various degrees. It is imperative to know the cultural backgrounds, customs and practices of a country before one tries to establish a long-term business relationship with the people of that country. In fact a long lasting business relationship will be in place only if people are comfortable with each other and are confident to interact with each other. It is here that the concept of cross-cultural training comes into the picture."
Tags: executives, managers, social, learning, theory, international, business
Abstract The paper explains anthropologist Clifford Geertz's belief in "Notes on the Balinese Cockfighting" that all societies contain cultural systems that contain heavily symbolic elements. The paper discusses Geertz's example of Balinese cockfighting where the socialorder is reflected in the wagering and the spatial organization of the game. The paper compares this to F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" and goes on to show how money, social invitations and material goods all signify deeper meanings than are apparent on their surface.
From the Paper "According to the anthropologist Clifford Geertz, all societies contain cultural systems that can be read as texts. For example, the rituals surrounding cockfighting in Balinese culture, Geertz argues can be interpreted and re-interpreted much like we interpret "Macbeth" in an English class. Cultural systems contain heavily symbolic elements that can reveal aspects of the culture. Such systems are dynamic and work to affect and change the culture. In Balinese cockfighting, the social order is both reflected in the wagering and the spatial organization of the game in a way that is symbolic, and transcends the ability to make money from betting. The process of playing the game affects the culture and expresses the culture."
