Abstract
This paper examines some of the ways to teach statistics that will best overcome some of the main problems that students encounter while learning statistics and offers solutions to these problems.

From the Paper
"Students do not normally encounter statistics until they are in college--at least not on any kind of practicable level--unless they are in extremely advanced mathematics classes at their high school. Even so, not every high school offers statistics as a course, while almost every college does. Teaching and learning statistics is problematic for most college students and teachers because to learn and understand statistics, it is necessary to first have a grasp of some of the properties and features of higher mathematics. Many college students do not have these skills upon entering college, and many professors assume that they do have these skills when beginning to teach a statistics course."

Tags:subject, theories, techniques, mathematics, statistical, concepts, game, problems

Abstract
The paper discusses the qualitative versus quantitative issue in educational research. The paper describes the four main purposes to using statistics in educational research. The paper also looks at four types of descriptive statistics and at inferential statistics. The paper addresses the counterbalancing of data.

From the Paper
"Where educational research is concerned, the qualitative versus quantitative issue likely plagues every study that has ever been done, regardless of whether it is qualitative or quantitative in nature, because there are concerns about how each study was carried out. This is largely due to the fact that there are always various arguments and differing opinions as to which one method is better for which type of study. Since most educational studies focus on the qualitative side of things, they do not address statistical figures as much as they would if they were quantitative. Some will see this as a problem with these types of studies, and will want hard and fast data that they can analyze."

Tags:descriptive, inferential, counterbalancing, data, qualitative, quantitative

Abstract
The paper discusses the United States' serious nursing crisis and predictions that this trend will only get worse in the future, showing that the changing demographics of an aging population are largely to blame. The paper also shows that nursing shortages are greater in areas requiring higher levels of education, such as Masters or Doctorate Degrees and that not enough nurses are pursuing educational paths to fill this need. Congress has offered tuition reimbursement and grant programs to help fund higher education and Nursing Associations are working to create faster tracks to a careers in nursing. Other methods discussed are media campaigns which have highlighted the advantages of nursing. This research examines the factors that influence a nurse's decision to pursue higher education and gives insight as to how to eliminate some of the barriers that prevent them from entering into higher education.

Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Scope of the Nursing Shortage
What is Being Done?
Have these Measures Been Effective?
Motivating Factors for Nurses to Pursue Continuing Education
The Traditional Career Path
Distance Learning and the Nursing shortage
What this Research Hopes to Answer
Methodology
Data Collection
Subject Selection Criteria
Data Analysis
Assumptions
Limitations
Biases
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Distance learning offers many advantages over traditional programs. The first advantage is cost. As distance learning facilities do not have the high costs of maintaining all of those classrooms as in a traditional setting, they have lower over head costs and can offer their services at a much lower rate. Convenience is the biggest advantage. Many nursing students start families and must begin working as soon as they obtain their license. They often have many job and family responsibilities that would prevent them from having a career and going to school, without sacrificing family or professional life. Distance learning allows them to work at home, many times at their own pace, and still enjoy the benefits of family and professional life."

Tags:AACN, Labor, Statistics, FNHP, TriCouncil, Distance, Learning

Abstract
This paper discusses the education systems in both Britain where it is similar to that in the U.S. and Japan which has one of the most rigorous educational systems in the world. It briefly describes the structure of both systems and the level of involvement of the government in both countries in setting the curriculum as well as relevant statistics. It provides a compare and contrast analysis between the education systems in both countries highlighting definite similarities such as compulsory education between the ages of 5 and 16 and major differences such as social problems in Japan due to pressures to excel. Common issues in both the British and Japanese education systems are enhancing diversity, providing children with the tools necessary to remain current with technological advances, strengthening the relationship between schools, families, and communities.

From the Paper
"There are two parallel educational systems in Britain: the state system, where education is provided free, and the independent system, where parents normally pay fees. (The British Education System). Nearly 1 in 13 British school-age children are in the independent system. (The British Education System). Britain has a national curriculum, i.e., a statement of the minimum learning requirements of all children at each stage in their education. (The British Education System). This curriculum is compulsory in the state system and while independent schools are not bound by it, most of them teach what the national curriculum demands. (The British Education System)."

Tags:GCSE, national, curriculum, government, children, illiteracy, higher, education

Abstract
This paper explains how, in schools, statistical education is primarily taught in mathematics, yet statistical ideas are used in other subjects, including science and economics. It discusses why teachers and researchers need to constantly work towards improving statistical education, leading to a great deal of research in the field. This paper examines existing research to determine how statistical education research can be improved in the future.

From the Paper
"Statistical education has become an important part of curriculums in all levels of education. At both the undergraduate and graduate levels, statistical literacy is now a key objective in many classrooms. As a result, statistics is now being taught across various disciplines and is rapidly becoming a prerequisite course for graduation, regardless of a student's major. The teaching and learning of statistics has recently increased dramatically in many schools. As a result, many U.S. states now emphasize and include statistical thinking in their statewide curriculum guidelines."

Tags:curriculum, mathematics, figures, data

Abstract
This paper presents statistics that indicate the failure of the American high schools. The author outlines factors that play major roles in the disruption of learning, such as not spending adequate amounts of time on homework as compared to students in other industrialized countries. The paper relates that the teaching methods and pedagogical philosophies applied by teachers and educators have contributed greatly to the breakdown of the American public educational system. The author concludes that, if federal and state governments do not repair this antiquated and destructive way of conducting the educational business of America's students, parents will be forced to seek other ways to educate their children.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Major Disruptive Influences
Exterior Influences
Traditional Values
Television and Other Technologies
Teaching Methods
Uncreative Behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the most important major disruptive influences on the current status of the American public education system is related to the power of events that occur outside of the school environment. Dr. Lawrence Wilson contends that one of these powerful events is the breakdown of the American family. He states that since "parents often work and (spend) less time with their children, the school system then must substitute or compensate for less parental attention", which only decreases the amount of time the school system can apply to teaching academics."

Tags:parents authoritarian, peer pressure, masses excitement

Abstract
Statistics anxiety has been defined simply as anxiety that occurs as a result of encountering statistics in any form and at any level. The paper shows that higher anxiety in statistics keep many students away from engaging in research work to pursue an academic career. Statistics becomes one of the most anxiety-inducing courses in their programs of study. The paper examines the problem and shows how it affects students.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Empirical Research on Statistical Anxiety
Three Common Factors of Statistical Anxiety
Framework/Model to Reduce Statistical Anxiety in Counselor Education
Conclusion
Impact/Benefits for Students Seeking Ph.D.

From the Paper
"A variety of peer learning environment designs to support effective collaborative learning has been attempted or proposed. The backbone of collaborative learning is the willingness of the peers to participate in collaboration in a constructive sense. This has been studied by a number of educational psychology researchers [Madden & Slavin1983,Slavin1978] who confirm that the peers in collaborating classes felt that their peers wanted them to learn. Slavin [Slavin1990] reports studies that confirm the willingness of peers to make the collaborative learning efforts succeed and the improvement in social status of the peers who achieved better than other peers."

Tags:AEM, Bonferroni, adjustment, degree, teaching

Abstract
This paper explains the need to answer questions concerning educational capital, standardized testing and accountability and its effect on and acceptance by California teachers; thereby, the paper proposes using a combination of statistical research with case studies and interviews. The author suggests tracking California college enrollment, which is reported to be the best indicator of the condition of education, for the past twenty years; at points of peaks or valleys, it will be noted if there was an increase or decrease in standardized testing statewide at these times. The paper relates that veteran teachers, who have been teaching for at least twenty year and are still teaching, will be interviewed concerning their relative classroom procedures twenty years ago, ten years ago and for the past two years and asked to comment on the nature of the changes in their teaching caused by increasing testing and accountability demands.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology

From the Paper
"Christie made the undeniable connection between education and human capital. She cites a report from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that correlated human capital "the knowledge and skills derived from education, training, and experience" with national well-being--"economic growth, better health, lower crime, political and community participation, and social cohesion." Despite noting that education levels in the United States were high and rising, Christie also noted that the trend seemed to have leveled off; if it did so, it had begun to do so long before the past few years of No Child Left Behind."

Tags:standardized-testing, acceptance, interviews, tracking, college-, attendance

Abstract
This paper examines the history and impact of Title Nine of the Educational Amendments of 1972. It is presented as a landmark legislation that bans sexual discrimination in schools, both in academic and athletic fields. The writer includes two bar graphs to highlight statistical evidence of the percentage of women in education. The paper concludes with an analysis of the success of Title Nine.

Table of Contents
What is it?
Intangible Benefits
Tangible Benefits
How it Got There
Sports and Title Nine
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The America public takes female sports stars for granted. Whether it is college basketball, softball or baseball the public supports their existence. Professional female tennis players and golf pros have fans who follow their career with diligence. The female sport circuit is but one more leg in the wheel of gender equality, but it hasn't always been this way. Just a little more than three decades ago women were shut out of many sports activities and those they were allowed to participate in were the first to be cut when budget problems would strike."

Tags:sexual, sports, women, legislation, academic

Abstract
The paper evaluates the data provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to ascertain if there are significant statistical relationships that can explain why a sentence is commuted or not. The paper outlines the methodology, variables and rationale for this analysis and shows that in the majority of cases, commuted sentences lead to life sentences instead. The paper further reveals that education, Hispanic origin and age are all significant factors leading to a person becoming a career criminal with multiple convictions. The paper asserts that additional analysis of this data set is needed to reach specific conclusions on why Hispanic origin and the nature of a career criminal's history are predictors of commutation of sentences in the U.S.
The paper includes several tables of data.

Outline:
Introduction
Assessment of Methodology
Variable for Analysis
Rationale of Analysis
Analysis of Data
Conclusions

From the Paper
"A longitudinal study of inmates taken from the years of 1973 through 1993 form the basis of the methodology, with the U.S. Department of Justice accumulating the sociodemographic data, felony convictions, homicides, and justice records for each of the respondents over time. The methodology has concentrated on ensuring the confidentiality of inmates, defining the population by both male and female inmates incarcerated in U.S. prisons during the years of the analysis. The sampling approach taken to capture the data has been designed to capture the entire sampling frame of inmates that were at one time given death sentences, then commuted or also re-assigned to execution. This is a unique data set in that it captures inmates who have received commuted sentences, with a subset of them having a second conviction that leads to execution."

Tags:felony, convictions, executions, commutations, Hispanics