Abstract
The paper looks at how the constellations were described by the ancients, who saw patterns in the sky and saw these patterns as expressing their mythology. The paper asserts that because of the many centuries that have passed, many people see the stars as permanent and unchanging, but this is not true at all. The paper argues that stars have a life cycle that is simply too long for human life to perceive directly and even too long for all of human history to record. The paper points out that some changes do become more apparent, as when there is a supernova as a star reaches a crisis point and explodes into another form.

From the Paper
"The constellations were described by the ancients, who saw patterns in the sky and saw these patterns as expressing their mythology. Because of the many centuries that have passed, many people see the stars as permanent and unchanging, but this is not true at all. Stars have a life cycle that is simply too long for human life to perceive directly and even too long for all of human history to record. Some changes do become more apparent, as when there is a supernova as a star reaches a crisis point and explodes into another form. Astronomers have been able to categorize stars to show the different levels of development reached by different groups of stars, and on this basis, ideas about the normal progression of a star have been..."

Tags:life, cycle, stars

Abstract
This paper looks at stars and their lifecycle of birth, changes, and death, their luminosity, mass, surface temperature, size, and color, the formation of supernovas, white dwarfs, black dwarfs, red giants and black holes. The paper also defines the different types of electromagnetic radiation.

From the Paper
"Light which comes to Earth from the Sun consists of electromagnetic waves composed of streams of photons which are massless particles traveling in a wave-like pattern and moving at the speed of light. (NASA) The electromagnetic spectrum contains waves which range in size from..."

Tags:stars, life cycle

Abstract
In order to shed some light onthe processes involved in the stars' life cycle, this paper discusses and analyzes how, throughout its 'life,' a star will remain dependent on other stars for its eventual re-birth--that is, the creation of another kind of a star. In line with the main topic of this paper, the discussion and analysis argue that the life cycle of a star is an interdependent and recurring process, mainly because stars depend on other stars to re-generate or create another star.

From the Paper
"The second phase, the star's death, occurs when the star has finally used up its hydrogen atoms, and can no longer generate energy from its stellar body. As this happens, the star is "pulled" by the gravity and will burn its helium to become carbon, becoming a red giant. The dying star will be pulled towards the gravity because it will no longer have the counterforce that it once had (force from the energy radiated from it) in order to balance the two forces (gravity and energy pressure). Once helium gases were burned out or exhausted from the stellar body, carbon will be produced and scattered. The dead star will eventually have a carbon core, cool down, and become a white dwarf."

Tags:stellar, generate, hellium, carbon, gases

Abstract
This paper explains that by viewing the gas that surrounds stars as a dynamic atmosphere, undergoing cycles of materials similar to those that go on in the Earth's own protective gases, astronomers are understanding more and more about the processes involved in the formation of stars. The paper deals with the questions of how the supernova of massive stars affect the formation of stars in the future, why star formation seems to occur in relative bursts, and how long the Milky Way will continue to produce stars.

From the Paper
"Beyond applying the atmospheric model to intergalactic gas, astronomers have also been studying more carefully exactly what components make up the gas and at what temperature these components exist. About 90% of the constituents of intergalactic atmosphere are various forms of hydrogen, with close to 10% being helium, and everything else, from lithium to uranium -- the whole spectrum of the periodic chart -- making up less than 0.1%. The majority of the hydrogen is present as neutral hydrogen, termed H I by astronomers. This form of hydrogen gas is identified by the spectral frequency of the light that it emits, namely 1,420 megahertz. Although scattered throughout the galaxy, the majority of H I is located around the galactic midplane, and forms a gaseous disk about 300 parsecs thick (Reynolds, 2002, p. 40)."

Tags:galaxy, hydrogen, gas, milky, way

Abstract
The paper relates that stars are born, live their stellar lives and then die. The paper then discusses how "protostars" can evolve into high-mass stars, intermediate mass stars and low-mass stars and when they finally stop burning, they die and form white, black, brown or red dwarfs. The paper concludes that while we know much about stars, we still do not know enough.

From the Paper
"Stars twinkle and shine pretty in the night sky but they are actually complicated heavenly bodies. They are like us in that they are born, live their stellar lives, and then die. The early phases of a star's life begins when an "early phase of gravitational collapse," (Dasch) forms a "stellar embryo" (Dasch). Gas falls into the embryo, heating it up and when the embryo becomes warm enough, it begins resisting gravity. At this point, the embryo is called a "protostar" (Dasch). Grace Wolf-Chase maintains that this gas is "vast agglomerations of gas and dust" (Chase). Some of matter around the protostar begins to accumulate in a disk shape, rotating around it. Forces of gravity cause the disk to pick up speed and move toward the center. However, the gas and dust must slow down in order to fall onto the protostar."

Tags:protostar, giant, explosion, hydrogen

Abstract
This paper explains that stars have a life cycle that is simply too long for human life to perceive directly and even too long for all of human history to record. The author points out that astronomers have been able to categorize stars to show the different levels of development reached by different groups of stars. The paper relates that, over billions of years, the star slowly contracts, compensating for the heat and light energy it has lost. The author underscores that, as this contraction continues, the temperature, density and pressure at the core of the star increases. The paper tells that, as the temperature at the core rises and the star contracts, the tension between gravity pulling in and gas pressure pushing out determines the life of the star. The author describes this process through the star's life cycle from protostar to black holes.

From the Paper
"At this stage, the star is called a planetary nebula. The core of this star becomes a whiter dwarf, an extremely dense star now the size of a planet. Once the white dwarf uses all its energy, it stops shining and becomes a "black dwarf," or a dead star. Astronomers see this as the final stage for our own Sun. however, for stars with higher masses than the Sun (up to about 40 times greater), the outer layers of the star may be thrown off with much more force in a supernova, an explosion leading to the collapse of the star down to a very compact size, producing what is known as a "neutron star."

Tags:protostar, black holes, white dwarf, infrared satellites, supernova

Abstract
This paper discusses sales and marketing management, from the point of view of "Stars in the Making", an article written by Elana Harris in 2001. The paper summarizes Harris' article and describes its relevance to sales management. The paper then provides a critique of the article and provides some suggestions for improving it.

Table of Contents:
A Summary of "Stars in the Making"
Relevance of "Stars in the Making"
A Critique of "Stars in the Making"
Suggested Changes to Harris' Article

From the Paper
"In Harris' article, she makes the point that there are ways to mentor, motivate, and lead new salespeople to their full potential as salespeople; this point is cleverly proven by success stories from such luminary companies as Bausch & Lomb and others. Perhaps the most important message that Harris puts forth in "Stars in the Making" is that training, motivation and development of the skills needed for overcoming challenges are keys to the growth of salespeople over the long term. Because of this, Harris continues, sales managers must be coaches or mentors to their team members as well."

Tags:salespeople, marketing, presentation

Abstract
The paper explains that stars are set up to have planets circling around them and it is on those planets that scientists search to locate other life forms that may exist. The paper reveals that a growing body of scientists believe that there is/was life on Mars. The paper discusses how, with the advances in technology, it may not be long until we find a planet with living beings.

Outline:
Introduction
Stars
The Search For Life
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Man has been working on science since the beginning of time. As the human race continues to evolve, technology become more advanced and the ability to answer questions accurately grows stronger. One of the questions that has continued to stump mankind since the beginning of time is whether or not there is life out there. Songs are written about it, movies depicting aliens abound and books convey the belief that there is life on other planets and in other solar systems, however, to date no scientific evidence has been found that can support that belief. The technological advances that have occurred in recent history have allowed man to provide a more structured research setting to answer the questions about life bearing planets and alien life."

Tags:solar, system, alien, planets, Mars

Abstract
This paper explains that spectroscopy, the study of the spectral lines of the different atomic constituents, has been one of the oldest and most trusted methods of studying the elemental analysis of stars and other luminous heavenly objects. The author states that, by using spectroscopic observations, the radial velocities and the elemental abundances of the extra galactic objects has successfully been established. The paper reports that the availability of specific spectroscopy software has further hastened the study of the molecular mechanics and quantum mechanics.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Spectroscopy and Study of Stars
Spectral Lines (Elemental Abundance)
Classification according to Spectra
Spectroscopy Software
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The availability of spectroscopic software has allowed the possibility of quick and accurate study of quantum study of the spectral elements. GAMESS is one such software that can be used to calculate the SCF wave functions, perform automatic search for transition states, geometrical orientation and in analyzing the vibrational frequencies. GAMESS (General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System) allows us to integrate quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics, which is essential for our understanding of the complex astronomical science. The software allows us to study chemical functions like dipole movements and to perform complex computations."

Tags:spectroscopy, wavelengths, formula, hydrogen, helium

Abstract
This paper discusses Shelby Foote's book "Stars in Their Courses: The Gettysburg Campaign June-July 1863", which offers a historical account of the true events of the campaign in a novel format. The paper describes the author's technique of building the characters and setting the scenes, thereby giving the reader an appreciation of the human side of this period of history.

From the Paper
"The major feature of Shelby Foote that impacts on the book is that he was both a historian and a novelist, with a special interest in the civil war. His previous book titled Shiloh was a fictional account of the civil war and was well-received. Because of the interest in this book, Shelby was requested to write a history of the civil war. His trilogy was the result, with Stars in Their Courses an excerpt from this trilogy. This background of Foote's explains his unique approach to writing the account. Foote combined his talents as a novelist and a historian to write an account that combined the best features of both. Foote was focused not only on the facts as a history book might list them, but on what the experience was like for the people involved. This resulted in the main aspect that sets the book apart from other historical accounts, the focus on not just describing the facts but telling a story."

Tags:meade, picketts, charge