Abstract The paper examines an article about the phonological and conceptual activation in speechcomprehension and an article about the activation of offset-embedded words. The paper also examines an article about the role of prosodic boundaries in the resolution of lexical embedding in speechcomprehension and an article about electro-physiological evidence for early contextual influences during spoken-word recognition. The last article is about the cascaded nature of lexical selection and integration in auditory sentence processing.
From the Paper "This article focuses on the process of understanding as it relates to separate lexical representations of sound and meaning. The phonological and conceptual representations in language have been separated, as comprehension are connected to these different concepts separately. In explaining these concepts, the article distinguishes between word representation in the mental lexicon and the lexical candidates for recognizing utterances. When the hearer is the presented with running speech with few clear cues to word boundaries, a mechanism is needed to determine the best sequence in terms of the input. In this way the correct utterance is determined by competition."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses speech acts and implicatures in relation to pragmatics. According to the paper, any time a person talks, they perform a speech act, for language is not just a logical system and, therefore, the context and the intention of the speaker are extremely important. This paper tries to sum up the points of view of John L. Austin, John R. Searle and Paul Grice as far as speech acts and implicatures are concerned, trying to draw parallels with the seminar as often as possible.
Outline:
Austin's Contribution to the Study of Speech Acts
Searle's Classification of Speech Acts
Grice's Work on Implicatures: The Cooperative Principle
From the Paper "In this perspective, implicatures (that is to say, the implied meaning that is based on the assumption that the speaker follows the cooperative principle and the four maxims) are made possible by the cooperative behaviour of both the speaker and the listener. Those implicatures are first implied by the speaker, and then inferred by the listener: we may call them "invited inferences". Even if it is very important for the listener to assume the speaker is being cooperative (that is to say, that he follows the conversational maxims), this may not be the case every time: when one or more conversational maxims are apparently broken, this may give rise to implicatures as well. One can classify implicatures into two categories: conversational and conventional implicatures. Conversational implicatures rise out of the breaking of the conversational maxims, whereas conventional ones do not interact with those maxims. "
Abstract In this paper the author argues that ?hate speeches?, however abhorrent, should be protected by the U.S. Constitution, that in the interest of free speech, they should be allowed. He suggests that this is synonymous with American freedom and refers to some specific examples in order to assess whether hate speeches should be protected under the First Amendment. The author contends that as long as we are free to judge the importance of what is being said for ourselves, then words should never be banned.
From the paper:
?Words are serious, not because they have any direct effect in their own right, but because words, and the ideas they express, are what we use to weigh up our own decisions, their likely effects, and our responsibilities. Words have consequences only if we choose to give them consequences.?
Abstract This paper is an in-depth examination of how to deal with the issue of hate speech. The author looks at the Constitution, specifically at the contradictions between the 14th Amendment and the concept of freedom of speech. The author looks at some of the commentary written by Jon Locke, or Jon Stuart Mill, and even Aristotle, on the problem of freedom of speech. The author presents historical and modern-day examples of some of the conflicts that have occurred in trying to determine the parameters of freedom of speech, and hate speech in our society.
From the Paper "John Locke would probably have weighed in on the importance of limiting the speech before it gets to the point where person feels that he or she is endangered. His empirical system of philosophy emphasized the importance of the experience of the senses in pursuit of knowledge rather than intuitive speculation or deduction. Having come into this world with our minds entirely free of innate conceptions, Locke argued that all human thought is based upon experience. And it is the experiences of minorities within American culture that makes them fear the consequences of hate speech; they have learned through their experiences in the world that bigoted speech easily and often turns into bigoted action (Dunn 48). Another essential part of Locke's philosophy was that all persons are born equal, which would no doubt incline him to value the equal protection of each person under the rule of law (Dunn 121)."
Abstract As colleges struggle to handle the various differences their students and faculty embody, the problem of "hate speech" has become a focal point of educational erudition and policy-making. The paper shows that in the most deliberate and alarming cases, hate speech is projected to degrade or disgrace those at whom it is directed, usually colored people, gays, lesbians, the physically or mentally challenged and women, regardless of their sexual orientation, race, religion or ability. This essay discusses the current dominant structure within which the matter of hate speech is being debated. This structure draws heavily on the discussion of the Fourteenth and the First Amendments, which in the author's opinion, are not adequate to cope with the issue of hate speech. There is a pressing need for extra-legal standards for communicative interaction to handle this sensitive issue.
From the Paper "Those discussing the hate speech on college campuses often support either the Fourteenth or the First Amendments, depending on their political preferences. Fourteenth Amendment advocates the value of "equal protection" while the First Amendment supports "freedom of speech". Due to this general tendency to rely more and more on various laws, it is not unexpected that hate speech should also be conceived legalistically."
Abstract This report discusses free speech, the constitution of the United States, the Bill of Rights, and the interpretation of the laws. The issue of the interpretation by the Supreme Court is discussed, to include recent cases regarding free speech. The paper further discusses the history of free speech, and broaches on the topic of the issues, controversies, and concepts that will decide the future of free speech in the country.
From the Paper "Freedom of speech in the United States has been a right that most Americans have clung to since the inception of the Constitution in 1787 ("Constitution"). John Paul Stevens discusses the fact that throughout history people have been persecuted for voicing their opinions about any number of concerns in their lives, and that they have been unjustly executed for allowing their voices to be heard (1293). Jesus Christ, Joan of Arc, and the Proctor family of Salem, Massachusetts were all victims of the world's intolerance of opinion. The Framers of the Constitutions believed that there were rights that each individual was entitled to, and that in the United States those rights had to be protected at all costs."
Abstract A discussion of whether political speech today is rhetorical. The paper analyses the meaning of rhetorical speech and how this is applied to political speech. The argument for and against the use of rhetorical speech in the political arena is discussed and its affects analyzed. The ideas of Beard are discussed and applied to present day politics.
From the Paper "Many individuals view rhetoric as a means of manipulation, not persuasion. When rhetoric is applied to political speech, therefore, it may be concluded that the politician is attempting to sway the public's opinion in a manner that is unjust and false. While rhetoric focuses on the appealing to emotion, religious values, and the structure and cultural value of the community, it can also be argued that rhetoric serves the public by inspiring them to alter the way in which society functions, and the paths that are elected for the future (Garsten 10). Beard discusses that rhetoric has three main parts in a political speech, repetition, contrast pairs and pronouns. These elements are evident in each political speech of substance that has affected the lives of its listeners profoundly. Arnold Schwarzenegger, having immigrated to the United States, participating in famous bodybuilding and movie careers, became.."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of free speech, with special emphasis on the American college campus. The writer argues that free speech should never be banned or regulated as it is a protected right under the United States Constitution. The author examines how today's college administrators wrestle with the idea of free speech at their institutions. The author concludes that free speech must exist in order for the Constitution to be protected and so students can continue to grow in their ability to ascertain fact from fiction.
Outline:
Introduction
The Subjectivity of it All
The Ultimate Decision
Conclusion
From the Paper "As much as most individuals will agree that certain speech is hurtful to others society by and large has the ability to correct itself by ignoring or shunning those who insist on voicing opinions that are unpopular or hateful and college students are capable of the same shunning which in turn brings pressure to the speech giver to cease and desist.
We cannot pick and choose which part of the constitution we are going to protect as the entire document embodies what the founding fathers intended when they put it together."
Abstract In "On Liberty," Mill proves to be a staunch supporter of free speech. The writer begins the paper by analyzing his views. Using his own views as a basis, the paper argues that he would support banning racist speech on campus. It points to the restrictions Mill is willing to place on free speech as proof, mainly the harm clause.
From the Paper "In On Liberty, John Stuart Mill argues that no person or group of people, including the government, is ever justified in silencing someone's opinion. He begins by arguing that freedom of thought and freedom of speech are inseparable. After all, how meaningful is freedom of thought without freedom of speech? What good does it do us to be allowed freedom of thought while being denied the expression of that thought? Mill points out that by curbing freedom of speech, government would be taking something extremely important away from us. The government would be restricting not only our freedom of speech, but also our right to express our thoughts, and that's much more drastic."
Tags: free, freedom, john, liberty, mill, speech, stuart
Abstract A paper discussing the issue of hate speech and its relation to the 1st and 14th Amendments. The topic of freedom of speech vs. right to equality and the impact of these on hate speech is discussed.
Abstract This paper examines the right to freedom of speech and discusses the threats to its protection throughout the history. The paper maintains that regardless of the source of threat -- whether academic, police or corporate -- the freedom of speech is essential to an open society and must be protected, regardless of public opinion. The paper cites several recent examples of such controversial speech, including by Professor Ward Churchill, who compared the victims of 9/11 to cogs in Hitler's war machine.
From the Paper "The guarantee of free speech is both a sign of an open society and a protection that distinguishes the United States from other, less open societies that offer their citizens no such protections. Freedoms guaranteed United States citizens based on the First Amendment include freedoms of "speech; press; religion, assembly and petition" ("About the First Amendment"). Further, "Without the First Amendment, religious minorities could be persecuted, the government might well establish a national religion, protesters could be silenced, the press could not criticize government, and citizens could not mobilize for social change" ("About the First Amendment"). Freedom of speech also protects movies, videos, song lyrics, advertisements, and other communications that may not be to everyone's taste. The alternative to freedom of speech is government censorship. As Wikipedia points out, however ("Freedom of Speech"): "The philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville observed that people may be hesitant to speak freely not because of fear of government retribution but because of social pressures." That is, when an individual states an opinion that is not mainstream, or is considered unpopular, he or she might be subjected to peer pressure to change or retract the opinion; community rejection; disdain or ostracism, or even threatening or violent reactions from others. As Tocqueville correctly predicted, the fear of such reaction to the exercise of free speech, on the part of many individuals, even with the free speech protections granted by the U.S. Constitution, often functions as a sort of self censorship."
Tags: first, amendment, constitution, speech, protection, fire, in, a, crowded, theater, civil, liberties
Abstract The writer describes that children who need speech therapy obtain a better outcome from that therapy when a range of professionals offer their support to the therapy process. This paper presents an overview of the ways in which different types of professionals can come together in different contexts to provide the kinds of therapy from which a child with speech difficulties may benefit.
From the Paper "Children who need speech therapy almost always have a better outcome from that therapy when a range of professionals offer their support to the therapy process. This paper presents an overview of the ways in which different types of professionals can come together in different contexts to provide the kinds of therapy that a child with speech difficulties may benefit from. Although we may have in our heads the image of a child in a doctor's office or some other professional surrounding children in need of speech therapy may ... "
Abstract There are a number of different interventions available to the speech-language specialist. All interventions have their benefits, but not to all students. Because of the many models available, however, the speech-language specialist should be able to find one that meshes with his or her working style and is beneficial to his or her clients. This speech-language pathology paper discusses the the pull-out intervention model and offers support for its use.
From the Paper "At one time, speech-language specialists in a school setting worked in isolation from the rest of the teaching staff. This isolation was not merely physical; rather, the lesson plan used by the speech-language specialist existed in isolation as well. With legislation that requires integration of all subject programs--including those like speech therapy--this model of speech-language therapy delivery has changed. The number of speech-language specialists in the schools will increase, according to the U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Outlook Handbook, due to the influx of specialists coming under contract to fill these requirements (par. 22). "
Abstract This paper addresses the problem of weak reading skills in middle school students, and suggests educational approaches to improving reading comprehension in particular. The author recommends that teachers, the instructional and/or educational materials and the educational policies should be at the forefront in assisting middle school children to acquire the reading comprehension skills they need. The role of each is described in the paper. Additionally, accommodations are recommended for children with special educational needs. The paper also lists the five essential components of reading instruction, describing the importance of each one. The paper concludes by stating students also take responsibility for their reading progress by practicing regularly.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Factors to increasing the reading comprehension abilities of the middle graders
The Teachers
Provision of More time for the Students
Maintenance of Research Based Curriculum and Instructional Approaches Regarding Reading Comprehension Reference List
From the Paper "Indeed, there have been recent studies conducted which reveal that reading and comprehension is becoming a challenging tasks for the teachers, particularly when they are handling the students from the middle grades. Students who are in the in their middle age of learning are already being taught for proper reading and comprehension. However, there are reports that show that there are increasing number of students who have gone to higher levels but "are still not fully equipped with the right reading and comprehension perspectives," thus a big task to teachers and other educational facilitators nowadays is how to increase the reading comprehension of students in the middle school (Snow, 2002)."
Abstract The paper examines the issue of speech recognition and computers, including applications, forecasts and the state of the industry. The paper discusses speech recognition software and includes an abstract and a table of contents.
From the Paper "Voice recognition for computers has long been considered the most natural way for humans to interact with their electronic tools. However, bringing about effective speech recognition has proved more difficult than many originally thought, with the result that speech recognition has yet to reach the widespread implementation once envisioned."
