Abstract
This is a thematic paper based on the example of South Africa's imperialism and beyond, in Apartheid and anti-Apartheid movement, and correlations in a global Black Power movement of different manifestations. Through various points in the paper, a warning is made of the perils of including racial categories in future thinking, in the need for humanism as opposed to new categories or patterns as guidelines for assessing conflict in the future. The paper shows that there is a clear role for the artist and writer in presenting the inconsistencies of humanity and the need to guard against stereotypes of every variety.

From the Paper
"Imperialism in South Africa produced archaic institutions that till the late 20th century, remained in effect, and in particularly South African forms. From the 1652 landing on the Cape, the Dutch put in place the foundations of a society distinguishing European and African, towards what Dunbar Moodie would describe in the 20th century as an Afrikaner `civil religion'. (1975) When South Africa became part of the British Empire, different Afrikaner attitudes, practices and institutions were carried over, combined with Victorian British ideas of how colonies ought to be organized, and reinforcing a social order according to race that drew much from Social Darwinism as it shaped metropolitan British culture of the day."

Tags:ideology, southafrica, black

Abstract
This paper details the impact of the British government's involvement in southern Africa during the phase of new imperialism between
1880-1900, in which various European governments began to scramble for land in the region. This paper explores Britain's interests in southern Africa, which were heightened with the discovery of prolific deposits of gold and diamonds. The writer discusses the lack of investment into the local economy which combined with a policy of black segregation and the enforced migration of labor, created a situation of devastating poverty among the black Africans. This paper paper also focuses on the segregation policies of the diamond mines which set a direct precedence for the establishment of the apartheid policy in the South African government.

From the Paper
"An interesting feature of the diamond industry was the unmarketability of the gems. They were luxury items that held varying degrees of popularity in Europe at the time, and the responsibility for the successful sale of diamonds rested on the shoulders of London merchants. What resulted was an increased financial involvement between British businessmen at home and overseas, thus strengthening British private investments in the region. Politically, the British were unwilling to provide their annexed territories with ample governmental administration. Instead, they preferred to rely on the cooperation of the local white population."

Tags:europe, gem, mining, diamonds, apartheid, racism, african, black, white, segregation, land

Abstract
A look at the socio-economic variables of Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Port Elizabeth that shows the inequality that continues to persist in South Africa.

From the Paper
"The socio-economic ranges within South Africa are vast and continue to persist despite the central government's efforts to bridge the gaps in wealth, quality of life, literacy, education and health care. In this paper, we will examine the differences in a number of variables relating to these factors for the South African cities of Cape Town, Johannesburg, and Port Elizabeth. We will conclude the paper by presenting an analysis of the overall differences between the cities and include a brief discussion of the main factors that may be influencing..."

Tags:johannesburg, cape town, port elizabeth, south africa, history, inequality, socioeconomic, rates

Abstract
The paper discusses, reviews, and analyzes the issue of South Africa and its immigration policy and treatment of immigrants there.

From the Paper
"South Africa, having emerged from decades of racial segregation, oppression and injustice, due to the policy of apartheid imposed on people of color by the white minority, faces multiple challenges. Political scientist Michael Sodaro characterized the new South Africa as a country in which mineral wealth, lingering antagonisms due to the apartheid system, rising urban crime rates, political divisions and tribal conflicts, a growing HIV/AIDS pandemic, an influx of immigrants from neighboring African countries and a position in a..."

Tags:South Africa, immigration

Abstract
The paper discusses the issue of forced evictions in South Africa, emphasizing the role of socioeconomic factors such as poverty.

From the Paper
"Craig Schwabe has pointed out that new estimates of poverty show that the proportion of individuals and families living at or below the poverty line in South Africa has not changed significantly between ... and ..., more significantly, however, the households experiencing poverty have sunk deeper into poverty while the gap between the rich and poor in the country has continued to widen. Approximately, ... percent of all individuals in South Africa lived below the poverty line in ... with Limpopo and the Eastern Cape..."

Tags:South Africa, poverty, evictions

Abstract
The paper examines McClintock's argument in "Double Crossings: Madness, Sexuality and Imperialism" that mental illness has been constructed as a condition, not only of sexual deviance but also of racial deviance, in dangerous liaison with each other. The paper explains that the context of this argument is South Africa during the 1930s, where a white woman became pregnant with a black man. She was labeled with premature senile dementia and confined for life to a mental institution. The paper examines the issues involved in this narrative of Bessie Emery and her daughter, the novelist Bessie Head, that include gender, race and colonialist hegemony.

Tags:women, africa, sexuality

Abstract
The following paper gives a brief, but thorough plot summary of the novel. It then discusses what Paton's novel reveals about the nature of Colonialism, and post-independence Africa and Imperialism. The novel raises several questions about South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and these are discussed in this essay.

From the Paper
"At the beginning of the novel, Kumalo, the pastor in the village of Ndotsheni in the Ixopo region of South Africa, gets a letter from a Reverend in Johannesburg. The Reverend requests that Kumalo go to Johannesburg to get Kumalo's ailing sister, Gertrude. Kumalo learns that Gertrude's husband has remained in the mines where he was recruited to, and Gertrude has had affairs with many men, was jailed for making illegal alcohol, and has sold herself as a prostitute. In Johannesburg, Kumalo is exposed to many changes in the simple rural people that once lived in Ndotsheni. Kumalo visits his brother, John, who reveals that his wife has left him, and is living with, surprisingly, another woman."

Tags:murder, man, death, response, treason, son, funeral, service, Johannesburg, church, black

Abstract
The paper shows that many refer to today's globalization as colonialism and imperialism, leaving poverty stricken and highly indebted countries in Africa, East Asia and South America. It shows that these countries, as well as Latin America, have been subjected to Western economic models and are expected to yield comparable growth results. The paper discusses the latest UN report which urged wealthy nations to give more development aid to poor nations.

From the Paper
"For example, the Africa Policy Information Center reports that countries in sub-Saharan Africa owe in excess of $200 billion in foreign debt, the equivalent to three times the size of their annual income generated by exports to industrialized countries. Excluding South Africa, roughly twenty percent of this export income goes to servicing debt, making interest payments on money owed to Western countries."

Tags:trade, capitalism, privatization, WTO, Africa, Policy, Information, Center, United, Nations

Abstract
The writer proposes that it is difficult to separate Joseph Conrad from his book, "Heart of Darkness", because of the author's own experiences and world events at the time of the writing of his novella. The paper discusses how, although a fictional representation, the book is a commentary on the imperialism that was a major aspect of western strategy from the mid-1800s to early 1900s. The paper examines how the novella was also a reflection on Conrad's own adventure in 1890 when he sailed in Africa up the Congo River.

From the Paper
"Thus, when Conrad began writing Heart of Darkness in the early 1900s, he had been to Africa and heard about, and perhaps even seen, some of the effects of imperialism. As literary scholar Paccaud-Huguet (168) explains: Conrad "passed through most of the trials and dangers which are the lot of the sailor. He was to make the fullest use of these experiences, and of those wild and lurid ones he had had as a very young man." His voyage up the Congo River, undertaken for a corrupt Belgian trading company was "part of what he called the 'vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience and geographical exploration'.""

Tags:Congo, River, South, America, Russian, revolution, Marlow

Abstract
A review of "The Selected Political Writings of Mahatma Gandhi" that explores how his philosophy informed his political ideas and actions. The paper addresses Gandhi's aims and achievements, his concepts of Satyagraha and of Swaraj and his use of nonviolence and noncooperation in his political activism.

From the Paper
""The Selected Political Writings of Mahatma Gandhi" is a compilation of Gandhi's writings that illustrate how his political ideas and writings were informed by his philosophy. The book is divided into two parts or themes arranged in chronological order. Part I is entitled "Satyagraha" and deals with Gandhi's writings on the power of nonviolence, and Part II is entitled "Swaraj" and deals with Gandhi's idea of freedom. The book is enhanced by an excellent introduction as well as commentary on each selection by Dennis Dalton that..."

Tags:Gandhi, India, Political, Satyagraha, Swaraj, freedom, South Africa, nonviolence, British imperialism