Abstract
The space shuttle is the world's first reusable spacecraft. With today's technology, shuttles are capable of withstanding the vacuums of space, the difficulty of re-entry and cosmic and solar radiation. The paper shows that while some scientists believe the space industry will never become commercialized due to the shuttle's outdated complexities, shuttles of today may commercialize the space industry with an old rocket technology that has not been fully realized. Solid rocket engines, an old, yet reliable, space technology, are safe, low cost, provide a high thrust and may be the key to space industry commercialization.

From the Paper
"Solid fuel rocket engines are an old technology. While they have changed since their inventions of early China, their simple and non-complicated design remains in tact. It is due to that design that the engines and rockets have remained stable throughout centuries. They are safe, encompassing easy to handle materials, and allowing for long-term storage. They are reliable, consisting of non-machine related parts to limit the possibilities of mechanical failure. They are cost effective, due to their re-usability as well as their materials, made from low cost resources."

Tags:K'ai-Fung-Foo, NASA, booster, Pegasus

Abstract
The following paper examines the history of solid propulsion and black powder and discusses how it was used. It also looks at the advantages and disadvantages of solid propulsion in relation to its liquid counterparts.

From the Paper
"The first solid propulsion engines were invented by the Chinese early in the 13th century in use of fireworks. These homemade rockets were propelled by black powder. The first recorded military use was in 1232 in a military siege where the powder propelled rockets were used to set fire to tents. It wasn't until years later around the early 15th century when they started becoming used in Europe and equipped with a payload. Gunpowder started being used as it burned slower than black powder. The two have same the same ingredients but in different proportions. A large step forward was when the solid propulsion rockets were used to carry rope from distressed ships to shore in stormy conditions. The sailors would use the rope as a lifeline in their rowboats. However this relied on the fact that the shore could only be as far away as the longest rope."

Tags:solid, rocket, oxidizer, Newton, third, law, equal, reaction, space, travel, reliability, ignition

Abstract
This paper examines GM's hydrogen fuel cell strategy for its alternative fuel efforts. the paper asserts that while GM's fuel cell strategy for hydrogen is a laudable effort, its AUTOnomy fuel cell technology is somewhat different from the strategies and design architecture taken by some of its competitors. The paper discusses how some of the company's more prominent competitors have opted for all electric vehicles, gas-electric hybrids as well as hydrogen fuel cell technology such as Honda's in-house design. The paper posits that considering GM's current financial difficulties, the firm may find it impossible to commit substantial funds to continue developing its hydrogen fuel cell technology until it stabilizes its revenue structure, yet, the firm can also not afford to ignore this technology and alternative fuel strategy either. Therefore, the recommendation of the paper is that GM close or sell-off some of its brands and focus on partnering with other automotive manufacturers such as Honda in order to develop a network of hydrogen fuelling stations that would support the technology in practice.

From the Paper
"This document examines GM's hydrogen fuel cell strategy for its alternative fuel efforts. While GM's fuel cell strategy for hydrogen is a laudable effort, its AUTOnomy fuel cell technology is somewhat different from the strategies and design architecture taken by some of its competitors. Some of the company's more prominent competitors have opted for all electric vehicles, gas-electric hybrids as well as hydrogen fuel cell technology such as Honda's in-house design. Considering GM's current financial difficulties, the firm may find it impossible to commit..."

Tags:fuel, cell, technology

Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of corn as fuel and how humanity and human lifestyle changes must be affected in order to support this type of conceptual shift. The apper explains that the conceptual shift is the move from perceiving corn as food to viewing it as a reliable and sustainable form of fuel. Additionally, the paper asserts that corn as fuel, which is ethanol, must also be accepted within the economic framework as well as the infrastructural mechanisms such as the automotive industry in order to be effective at reducing human dependence on petroleum fuel sources. The paper argues that the processing of corn into fuel results in ethanol as well as biodiesel within certain processes and these are all important developments that require humanity to redefine how it perceives itself.

From the Paper
"This document discusses the concept of corn as fuel and how humanity and human lifestyle changes must be affected in order to support this type of conceptual shift. The conceptual shift is the move from perceiving corn as food to viewing it as a reliable and sustainable form of fuel. Additionally, corn as fuel, which is ethanol, must also be accepted within the economic framework as well as the infrastructural mechanisms such as the automotive industry in order to be effective at reducing human dependence on petroleum fuel sources. The processing of corn into fuel..."

Tags:corn, fuel, ethanol

Abstract
This paper explores the possibility of using ethanol as a fuel made from renewable crops. In particular, the paper looks at cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust, and waste paper. The author provides a short write up on the chemical qualities and characteristics of ethanol and mentions other countries such as Brazil that have been using ethanol as fuel. The paper advocates the environmental advantages of using ethanol as a renewable alternative fuel and suggests that there should be more support for research on ethanol to be used as fuel on a wide scale.

From the Paper
"Rumplestiltskin, a well-known fairy tale, tells about a poor miller's daughter who must spin straw into gold or die. Magic only can help her. Today, with rapidly rising gasoline prices, many Americans hope alternative fuels will soon be developed--and are hoping for some similar kind of magic. Bio-fuels could offer the solution to the problem, particularly ethanol. The challenge is to find cost-effective ways to make ethanol out of such renewable resources as corn, soybeans, sugarcane, the stems and leaves of plants, forest cuttings, wood chips, and all the non-food parts of crops that currently are burned or buried."

Tags:renewable fuel, recycling

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the issue of solid waste in Toronto and what can be done to address a matter that has grown in importance in recent years. Specifically, the paper looks at the background of the situation, discusses possible policy responses, evaluates those alternatives, and offers a recommendation for one or more preferred options - complete with a brief overview of how they should be implemented.

From the Paper
"In the end, Toronto would richly reward itself by placing the onus for solid waste management upon private citizens and businesses - a step which might be politically unpopular in the short-term, but which ..."

Tags:solid, waste

Abstract
This essay examines how Toyota Motors Corporation behaved in the debate on the fuel economy standards in 2007. The writer discusses that Toyota broke ranks with other car manufacturers, urging increases in fuel economy standards. Acknowledging that the political climate made total opposition to higher standards impossible, Toyota pressed for higher standards, and in doing so forced the entire industry to join in the move.

From the Paper
"Toyota, one of the giants of the automobile industry, likes to present itself as an environmentally progressive, innovative, and responsible company (e.g., "Our Environmental Commitment"; "Toyota Environmental Updates") Is this image true? Is Toyota taking actions that are changing the environment? Are Toyota's actions benefiting the environment? While some are reluctant to grant Toyota the credit it is due, this company has taken the lead in bringing the automobile industry to new standard of environmental protection."

Tags:environment, fuel

Abstract
This paper discusses alternative fuel sources for San Jose, including biofuel and air-powered vehicles. Also cited in the paper are issues in San Jose including poor fuel economy, dependence on foreign oil and greenhouse gas emissions.

From the Paper
"Poor fuel economy, dependence on foreign oil and greenhouse gas emissions are an issue in San Jose as they are elsewhere and alternative fuel sources are being developed all the time to combat those problems. Two of the most promising alternative energy fuels are biofuel and air. Biofuel can be manufactured from renewable natural resources such as corn or from oils such as waste cooking oils and grease, i.e. biomass."

Tags:San Jose, alternative fuel, air-powered vehicle, biofuel, ethanol

Abstract
The paper explores what impact Toyota's introduction of the Prius has had upon General Motors, the company that now finds its market share challenged with renewed vigor by the Japanese auto-maker. The paper asserts that the promises are many, but GM has an uphill climb until it can meet the storage space, cost, and infrastructure issues associated with fuel cell technology.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at automotive fuel cell technology and its prospects, promises, and challenges. As an addendum, the paper will briefly explore what Toyota's introduction of the Prius has had upon General Motors, the company that now finds its market share challenged with renewed vigor by the Japanese auto-maker. In the end, the promises are many, but GM has an uphill climb until it can meet the storage space, cost, and infrastructure issues associated with fuel cell technology. The prospects of automotive fuel cell technology replacing the existing fossil fuel technology are promising. For one thing, General Motors..."

Tags:fuel, cell, technology

Abstract
This paper analyzes the benefits of hydrogen fuel cells and what transportation companies are investing in research and development for these technological advances. The paper further states that rather than examining only one company, it considers several and their various approaches. Two scholarly journals and one book were used in the analysis.

From the Paper
"The 21st century global marketplace has been witness to the advent of numerous technological advances in an effort to create efficiency and reduce the cost of utilizing expensive energy resources. Environmental policy has also played an important role in the legitimacy of large corporations primarily due to the alarming increase in global warming. As the world becomes closer to its neighbors through free-market trade, the relevance of environmental accountability becomes even more paramount. With oil rices rapidly increasing and technological advances in the synthesis of energy resources, the transportation industry is becoming..."

Tags:hydrogen, fuel, cell