Abstract
This paper discusses the history, current electoral defeat, and present aims of the Socialist Party of France.

Abstract
This paper begins by looking at how the French Communist Party enjoyed such great power and influence in the years following World War II. It then examines why this strength has waned in the past 50 years including the constitutional changes of 1958, the failure of the Communist-Socialist alliance, the decreasing relevance of Communist policies, the increase in working class affluence and the fall of Communist regimes elsewhere.

From the Paper
"The PCF enjoyed its greatest levels of popularity between 1946-1958. During this time, the Communists were helped greatly by a number of features of French politics and society. For instance, French democracy was far from solid following the revival of numerous undemocratic ideas during the Vichy regime, and indeed, Communism was not perceived as quite so radical a Left Wing force immediately following the Second World War. Therefore, it was possible for the PCF to destabilize the fragile, unstable coalition governments that existed until 1958. In addition, a Left Wing split existed in France at this time, which ensured that the Communists had no significant Left Wing opposition to contend with, and similarly, the PCF's foreign policies tended to be very similar to those of the powerful Gaullist Party of the 1950s and 60s, which would again allow them to appear less radical a party."

Tags:pcf, socialism, gaullists, left, wing

Abstract
This paper examines a variety of theories that individually explain background events that have allowed more extreme parties to gain public support in France. It also looks at factors that enabled the French National Front or Front National (FN) to gain a foothold in terms of votes and political recognition as well as the processes and strategies that the FN have used to further expand its support. It assesses the impact of the FN on French politics in terms of the FN's influence on rival parties, policies and strategies and its effect on the operations of French democracy.

From the Paper
"One of the key theories put forward to explain the rise of the FN is the "Underground River" theory, which suggests that seemingly sporadic surges in the popularity of French extreme Right-wing politics are, in fact, connected by a number of common underlying factors. Proponents of this theory contend that such developments as the Vichy regime, the pro-Algerian War movement and the emergence of the FN are linked by a shared ideology, personnel and support, and that despite the current problems for the FN, the extreme Right will once again experience a resurgence in power and popularity in the near-future. The usefulness of this theory can be seen in several areas. For instance, the Underground River theory does point out the lack of legitimacy of the political system in France, which will inevitably lead to outbursts of discontent at various times."

Tags:nazi, nazism, pen, right, wing, gaullists, socialists

Abstract
This paper compares government funding of political parties in three democratic countries: the United States, Great Britain and France. It looks at the significance of the issue of financing political party electoral campaigns. It concludes that all three countries have implemented changes in campaign finance regulations, but considers the government as a necessary source of some of the funds for political candidates and parties, but differ on the issues that have an impact on electoral activity.

From the Paper
"political party electoral campaigns has long been a subject of discussion and as significantly of controversy. Given ..."

Tags:political parties, campaign finance, France, Great Britain, United States

Abstract
The paper looks at "Ethnicity and Equality: France in the Balance" that was written by French sociologist and author Azouz Begag and relates that the author has a unique perspective on the subject since he was the delegate minister for equal opportunities of France from June 2005 through April 2007 (Begag xxiii). The paper looks at how he describes how in the fall of 2005, civil disturbances rocked France due to ethnic and social injustices within the country. The paper describes how the book documents the political neglect, socioeconomic inequalities, and ethnic discrimination that bred such a riot among North-African minority ethnic youth in France.

From the Paper
""Ethnicity and Equality: France in the Balance" was written by French sociologist and author Azouz Begag. The author has a unique perspective on..."

Tags:france, multiculturalism, assimilation

Abstract
The paper looks at how Francois Mitterrand intermittently controlled France as the country's President between 1981 through 1995. The paper describes how Mitterrand was aggressively determined to restructure many major aspects of France's infrastructure, including changes to what Mitterrand perceived to be economic and social disparity among citizens from different classes. The paper argues that while Mitterrand's idea of a centrist society was commendable, the strategies that he put into effect suggested a lack of foresight and a willingness to engage in social reform without full recognition of its impact on both the people of France and France's role within foreign policy on a global scale.

Tags:france, socialism, politics

Abstract
The paper examines the background of the two-party system in the US and explores both sides of the argument for and against the extensive inclusion of third parties in the United States. The paper reaches the conclusion that the third-party system is the system that most makes sense in today's modern democracy, and allowing third party candidates will allow for better representation of the American public.

Outline:
Introduction
Pros of a Two-Party System
Cons of the Two-Party System
Conclusion: The Benefits of a Third-Party Friendly System

From the Paper
"As November second comes closer and closer, American citizens are tasked with an important and necessary task--choosing the next president of the United States. Although the coming election is history making in many ways, some may have trouble choosing a president for one specific reason--the choice is limited to two candidates from two rather defined parties with specific platforms. Although many states throughout the world allow citizens to choose from a variety of candidates from a variety of parties, some rather specialized, such as green parties, which operate on an environmental platform, the United States two-party system is part of the nation's tradition. This can cause problems for many voters, who believe the two major parties are not different enough, or do not present a wide enough spectrum of opinions to represent those alive in the United States."

Tags:two-party, system, Republicans, Democrats, candidate, representation, democracy

Abstract
This paper explores and analyzes Paris' sustainable development programs and policies. The paper explains that sustainable development meets the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of future generations to both thrive and survive. The paper asserts that the urban population of the earth is increasing, and with it, the fear the environment could be irrevocably damaged. While global change is finally acknowledged by international institutions and countries have begun to take measures, the paper asks which municipalities are at the very core of the problem. The paper attributes its focus on Paris to the famous city's standing as one of the most competitive economies in France and in Europe, providing significant job prospects and economic opportunities. The paper concludes that the urban policies of Paris concern mostly environmental aspects such as air quality, a good public transport system, recycling, and waste disposal; efforts have increased in the last four years because the political majority in Paris is composed of the Socialist party and an ecological party called "Les Verts" or "The Greens."

From the Paper
"In terms of figure first, the municipality of Paris is responsible for collecting and disposing 1,198,819 tonnes of waste per year, which means that 100 kg of waste is created every three seconds. The waste created per inhabitant was 239 kg in 1960 and 564 in 2005; it almost doubled in 45 years (Mairie de Paris 1, 2005). This clearly shows the tendency of developed countries to use more and more materials and shows its tendency towards more consumption.
For all households, two waste bins are available and one of them is specifically use for recycling. It could contain paper, cardboard, and plastic. This system has been established for four years and since 2005 the "recycling" waste bin is collected twice a week.
For professionals and companies, the municipality has a fee-service for waste disposal. Every year, companies shred around 400,000 tonnes of waste. For the disposal of toxic waste, five areas of wastage are available around Paris. Here are treated heavy material, and metals."

Tags:waste, recycling, air, quality, pollution, France

Abstract
This paper discusses the economy of Senegal, an African country with a colonial history much like that of other African nations. According to the paper, Senegal was a colony of France until 1960, after which it was ruled by the Socialist Party for forty years. This changed with the election of President Abdouulaye Wade in 2000.

From the Paper
"Senegal is an African country with a colonial history much like that of other African nations. Senegal was a colony of France until 1960, after which it was ruled by the Socialist Party for forty years. This changed with the election of President Abdouulaye Wade in 2000. Senegal had earlier joined with The Gambia in 1982 to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia, but what was to be the integration of the two countries never took place as the union was dissolved in 1989. Senegal has remained one of the most stable democracies in Africa in spite of clashes with a southern separatist group. The nation has also long participated in international peacekeeping efforts. Senegal is a West African country on the North Atlantic coast between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania."

Tags:senegal, history, economy

Abstract
This paper is an examination of the nature of fascism and then focuses on the rise of fascism in Austria. The paper finds that fascism was largely without a coherent philosophy, and consisted of a glorification of the past while claiming to look to the future. The paper notes that it was fundamentally anti-democratic, which led to its failure in Britain, France, and the Nordic states. The paper discusses how in Austria, the fascists formed a private army which did thug work for industrialists and anti-socialists, but this party was eventually overwhelmed by the Nazis.

From the Paper
"In the period between World War I and World War II in Europe, fascists in several countries struggled to overpower traditional conservatives. Fascism had strong roots and was firmly linked to the history of each country. Although claiming to look to the future, fascism invariably included a glorification of the past, generally a mythical past. In power, the fascists looked to support from the industrialists and big landowners. (Woolf, 3) Fascism generally was the radical right; conservatives represented the..."

Tags:austria, fascism, interwar