Abstract The labor party is traditionally the socialistparty in the UK. The changes in the political environment have meant that there have been changes made in policies and presentation of the polices. Many commentators see this 'New Labour' as moving away for socialism. This paper considers if the commentators may be seen as correct, or if socialism has evolved into a new form.
Abstract The paper notes that the British Labor Party that came into existence at the start of the 20th century as the representative of the working class with a socialist agenda, has undergone a radical change in its ideology, particularly in the last few decades. This paper explores the origins of the party, its socialist ethos, and the extent to which the modern Labor Party can be described as socialist.
Outline:
Origins of the Labor Party The Socialist Ideology of the Labor Party The Legacy of Thatcherism
Unfavorable Times for the Left
Abandoning the 'Socialist' Totem
Conclusion
From the Paper "The answer, of course, is that the modern Labour's policies are perhaps closer to that of the Conservatives and neo-liberals rather than to the socialist policies of the old Labour. Even before Blair became a long-serving Prime Minister of Britain in 1997 he had expressed an unusual admiration for the "the Thatcher-Reagan leadership" of the 1980s by stating that they "got certain things right. A greater emphasis on enterprise. Rewarding, not penalizing, success. Breaking up vested interests". Indeed, even some of the Tory columnists, like William Rees-Mogg of The Times, wrote admiringly of the way the Blair leadership could now "accept right-wing policies which Margaret Thatcher did not even contemplate in the 1979 manifesto" even before the New Labour had come to power. Blair's performance in government did not disappoint his right-wing supporters either. He was one of the most enthusiastic supporters of globalization, "free market" economy and a willing handmaiden to multinational corporations".
This paper explores the failure of the Labour party to become a powerful political force in the two Irelands during the first half of the twentieth century.
Abstract The paper discusses how, during the first half of the twentieth century, the Labour party did not manage to establish itself as a powerful party either in Northern Ireland or in Southern Ireland. The paper attributes this to their absent stand on the national questions in politics and a lack of a strong internal union. The paper also explains that the Labour Parties on both sides were not helped by other elements, such as the modification of the electoral system in Northern Ireland, or the fact that Southern Ireland lacked industrial workers and was peopled mainly by Catholics, hostile to the socialist doctrine.
From the Paper "In Southern Ireland, the Labour Party traces its birth to the 1912 conference of the Irish Trade Union Congress (ITUC). Its first leader was Jim Larkin. Its aim was to be a "trade-unionists political party" in which membership and leadership were restrained to card-carrying unionists up to 1930 when it opted for a formal break with the unions. Therefore, it was clear from the beginning that it was set up to be a minority party since this kind policy, even though protecting them from being taking over by existing politicians, definitely narrowed its appeal and cut off some sections which may have been sympathetic. Nonetheless, if there is a point on which the Labour Party cannot be the object of criticism, it is certainly the fact that it always remained faithful to its primary goal, which was to be the political arm of the Trade Union, and not to win a majority of votes from the Irish electorate. With such a policy, no wonder the Labour Party never managed to win a lot of seats, given the fact that Ireland was not an industrial nation."
Abstract This paper compares government funding of political parties in three democratic countries: the United States, Great Britain and France. It looks at the significance of the issue of financing political party electoral campaigns. It concludes that all three countries have implemented changes in campaign finance regulations, but considers the government as a necessary source of some of the funds for political candidates and parties, but differ on the issues that have an impact on electoral activity.
From the Paper "political party electoral campaigns has long been a subject of discussion and as significantly of controversy. Given ..."
Tags: political parties, campaign finance, France, Great Britain, United States
Abstract This paper studies the evolution of political parties in Western democracies. The paper focuses on the following types of parties: cadre party, mass party, catch-all party and cartel party. The paper looks at the relationship between the party leaders and members and the electorate. The paper concludes with the author's contention that there is a trend toward less democracy.
Tags: cadre party, mass party, catch-all party, cartel party
Abstract This paper examines propaganda in France after its surrender under the Vichy regime of Petain. It provides great historical details aided with maps and visual examples. The paper argues that contrary to common belief pro-Nazi propaganda in France was not imposed but initiated by the Vichy regime itself.
From the Paper "In the process of researching the topic I chose for my paper ?Nazi Propaganda in France.? I discovered that a more appropriate title would be "Propaganda in France during the Second World War", in light of the fact that alongside the Nazis, the occupation government of Vichy worked so fervently to arrive at a parallel goal: to control the population through propaganda."
Tags:france, nazi, propaganda, vichy, war, wwii, world, war, ii, germany
Abstract This paper starts with an overview of the United State's Green Party's history, including the influence of the European Green Parties, environmentalism, student protests, etc. It then analyzes the rise in popularity of this party since the first election when it ran a presidential candidate, looking at percentage increases in members and elected officials and public opinion of the party. The paper credits this rise to the merging of the Democratic and Republican parties platforms into vague and empty promises and also attributes its popularity to selected environmental issues found in the party's platform.
From the Paper "After years of development, nonpartisan actions, and progressive policies, the Green Party of the United States has emerged as a persuasive political party whose popularity increases every year. The Green Party was formed to defend such key issues as the environment, human equality, and other forms of global justice. By employing actions and policies that differentiate itself from the Democratic and Republican Parties, the Green Party is able to expand its membership and influence on politics."
Abstract This paper analyzes the role of the Vichy Police in France during the Second World War, including its relationship with Nazi Germany and its treatment of the French Jewish community. The author concludes the paper by summarizing what happened to Vichy police officers after the end of the war.
General Background on the Activities and Actions of the French Police in Vichy France How Vichy Police Were Affiliated with the Germans
How They Treated the Jewish Population
The Relationship between Marshal Petain and the Police Department
What Happened after the War to Members of the Police Department
From the Paper "Despite presence of German security forces and Nazi police in Vichy France, the regular Vichy police force was a state-run apparatus that managed to maintain its strength throughout the Occupation while sacrificing much of its autonomy. The Germans continually attempted to establish parallel administrative divisions within the French police in order to successfully carry out their policies of eradicating the Jews, yet as the war progressed, the Germans became heavily reliant on the Vichy police to do their grunt work. Thus, as Vichy gained new specialized police forces and greater power, it also gained a greater responsibility in upholding the German war-making interests."
Abstract This paper presents a brief overview of France, looking at the country's historical background, its political system, contemporary political issues the country is facing, its population and economy. The paper also discusses the notion of France as the center of Western Civilization.
From the Paper "France is one of the leading Western industrial democracies, with an economy and population similar to those of Great Britain and Italy. Put another way, France is similar in area and population to the Northeast Corridor in the United States, which is why the French have invested heavily in a superb high-speed rail system. The French think of their country as a hexagon lying at the heart of Western Europe. To the southeast is Italy to the southwest Spain..."
Tags:france, politics, system, president, cohabitation, de, gaulle, centralization, immigration
Abstract This paper explores the polemic of Louis XIV that led to the modernization of France and the Age of Enlightenment. It begins with a discussion on the state of France before Louis XIV's ascension to the throne and extends to the results of his rule after his death.
From the Paper "Louis XIII rejected the Queen Mother and her claims for family in favor of the Cardinal and his claims for the state saying" "I am more obligated to the state". It is argued that this day more than any other single day may be called the birthday of the modern state ..."
Tags: Louis XIV, France, absolutism, Enlightenment
Abstract The paper discusses the tensions that existed between the United States and France after World War II. The paper explains how misunderstandings contributed to the tension and includes the history of alliances between the two countries. The paper further explains how conditions in post war France were a breeding ground for discontent.
From the Paper "The relationship between France and the United States has historically been marked by tension and misunderstanding. This is all the more remarkable given the long history of alliance between the two nations and their shared passion for liberty and all its trappings. Much of the modern tension between the two nations can be attributed to the traumatic events of World War II. Proud France was conquered and occupied by Nazi Germany and many French people collaborated with the Nazi regime."
Abstract The paper evaluates the key criteria related to France's economic status, including but not limited to trade policies and barriers, government intervention, travel, economic liberalization and monetary policies within this nation. The paper shows that France, which is a member of the European Union, has improved its economic position in recent years, but there is a long way to go to stabilize progress.
From the Paper "In Europe, there are many opportunities to capitalize upon various resources and trade prospects around the world in order to improve economic conditions. In France, these opportunities are abundant, and they offer a number of key considerations for growth and stability. Current economic conditions, the political landscape, promoting the sale and distribution of American products and services, trade policies and standards, financial issues, and travel each serve as primary criteria that determine France's economic capabilities and effectiveness in world markets. The following discussion will identify the various issues related to these criteria, emphasizing the importance of trends and opportunities for growth and development in the French marketplace. Economic Trends and Outlook France has experienced modest growth trends in recent years, yet increases in GDP and unemployment have led to a steady decline in forecasting in future years ("Economic Trends and Outlook" para. 1)."
Abstract This paper discusses terrorism as seen in France, noting that the countries of Europe like the United States face a potential terrorist threat from various fronts. Some of the EU countries are more vulnerable than others. The paper explains that some have been attacked in the past and some have not. The paper discusses how France has been a target for certain of its colonial policies in the past, notably because of French control of Algiers and the rebellion there.
From the Paper "France may also be a target of groups like al-Qaeda and other forces arrayed against the West. Recently, France has been the site of a number of protests by immigrants who believe they have been treated unfairly, creating a situation where a terrorist group might take action. France has certain economic and strategic vulnerabilities as well."
Abstract This essay describes conflict resolution with specific reference to third party intervention (in the form of mediation and arbitration). In addition, it argues that third party intervention is not a simple, objective technique that can solve any conflict situation, but that in essence, the effect of third party intervention (such as mediation and arbitration) is dependant on many different psychological processes. These psychological processes are examined. Finally, the essay views the effectiveness of third party intervention in the South African context. In doing the above, the essay defines certain processes such as conflict, mediation, arbitration and third party intervention.
From the Paper "According to Erasmus et al, conflict is an extremely complex phenomenon that can be caused by many different sources (such as two parties competing for the same job or two parties having differing value systems or ideologies). In order to effectively manage conflict, it is necessary to identify the actual causes of the conflict (Erasmus et al, 1992). In addition, conflict can arise in virtually any social setting and it can be between or within nations, organizations, groups or individuals (Rubin, 1994).There are four different classifications of organizational conflict given by Erasmus et al. These are intrapersonal conflict, (conflict that occurs within the individual due to tasks, roles and interests which do not match the individual's expertise), interpersonal conflict (conflict between two individuals), intragroup conflict (conflict among the members of the same group), and intergroup conflict (conflict between two groups, such as between a trade union and management) (Erasmus, et al, 1992)."
Tags: african, arbitration, conflict, context, interventions, mediation, party, south, third
