Abstract
This paper discusses Ontarians who are receiving social assistance. It looks at the resources that people need to deal with their environment, as well as to fulfill personal aspirations, and discusses the wide variety of health differences which have their source in advantaged or disadvantaged environments. The paper also discusses the significant gap between the rich and poor in Ontario.

From the Paper
"Based on the materialist explanation for the income and health relationship, individuals have different material advantages or disadvantages that will accumulate over the life span (Raphael, 2004). People born into poverty cannot have the advantages of a good education leading to a desirable income. The neo-materialist explanation for the health and income relationship is that living conditions produce an impact that influences people's health. Furthermore, there are certain societal factors which determine the quality of the social determinants of health. The government decides how the society's resources will be distributed; how the decision is made will create an impact on the quality of social determinants of health (Raphael, 2004). People who receive social assistance have no choice but to live in conditions that are harmful to health."

Tags:income, environment, materialistic

Abstract
Cutbacks of the 1990s reduced the Canadian welfare state and notably social assistance and unemployment access in a high immigration period designed by policy to last 20 years; discussion of why media/activists stress hardship social welfare need in immigrants or refugees as opposed to others; proposed immigration policy changes; ideological more than practical agenda; various references.

From the Paper
Immigration, Social Assistance & the End of the Canadian Welfare State. Introduction This paper refers to alterations in Canada with 1990s reduction in previous Welfare state spending that are said to have drastically altered thpe experience of immigrants to Canada requiring assistance. Sedef Arat-Koc has argued that neo-liberalism and restructuring in the 1990s produced a very different scenario for newcomers as would mean ongoing family dependence in newcomer families and particularly for immigrant women. (1999) This prognosis is interesting to explore in relation to a quite large literature addressing Canadian immigration and resettlement as

Tags:canada, immigration, 1990s

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes how neo-liberal policy has its roots in nineteenth century conceptions about the unemployed. Further, the writer maintains that this mind-set has crept back into the provincial policy-making of modern-day Canada.

From the Paper
"Specifically, the paper suggests that the climate of entitlement which characterized the period from 1945 to at least the middle 1970s in much of the western world (possibly a little later in Canada) has given way to a neo-liberal ethic that actually hearkens back to an earlier time wherein obligations on the part of those who found themselves under-employed were considered at least as important as the rights those individuals had to secure shelter and some form of income. In the end, social policy is cyclical, and these articles appear to capture that trend."

Tags:summary, social, assistance

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes how neo-liberal policy has its roots in nineteenth century conceptions about the unemployed - and how this mind-set has crept back into the provincial policy-making of modern-day Canada. While discussing the three articles, the writer suggests that the climate of entitlement which characterized the period from 1945 to at least the middle 1970s in much of the western world has given way to a neo-liberal ethic that actually hearkens back to an earlier time wherein obligations on the part of those who found themselves under-employed were considered at least as important as the rights those individuals had to secure shelter and some form of income. The writer concludes that social policy is cyclical, and that the articles appear to capture that trend.

From the Paper
"Before bringing this paper to a close, a few final points are in order. Clearly, there can be little question that all of the articles touch upon the new-found popularity of neo-liberal policies in an age of globalization and in an age of governmental retreat brought about by the new fluidity of capital, people, information and resources - a fluidity which has dramatically curtailed the power of government to execute labor policy as it once did. Beyond that, it may be said that these articles craft a compelling picture of the ideological and political reasons why governmental actors did not strive harder, when it became clear that the easy affluence and low unemployment of the immediate post-War period was no longer guaranteed, to protect the entitlements and generous provisions to which many Canadians had become accustomed after 1945. Ultimately, economic pressures provided a welcome excuse for neo-conservative statesmen to pursue reformist measures that would have been unthinkable a generation earlier."

Tags:unemployed, policies, labor, entitlement

Abstract
The history of governmental economic assistance to families in America is a relatively short one. From the colonial era through the nineteenth century, family and government were seen as two entirely separate entities and any economic assistance that a family might receive would have to come from private organizations. The paper shows that the Great Depression of 1929, however, forever changed the relationship between the family and the government. As part of the "New Deal", the federal government greatly expanded its role in providing economic assistance to those left behind by the labor market. The paper traces the history of economic assistance as a social policy until the present day.

From the Paper
"The fact that a Democratic president signed the Republican-written PRWORA into law may seem odd when you consider the traditional terms of the liberal-conservative welfare debate. The PRWORA was quite different from the welfare reform proposals Clinton had proposed in 1992 but never pushed through Congress. While Clinton's plan would have put time limits on receiving benefits, his program would not have ended AFDC's status as an entitlement, and would have provided mothers who reached the end of the five-year payment limit with government service jobs (Cherlin, 183) - something the Republican-sponsored PRWORA in 1996 was not to include."

Tags:Roosevelt, Social, Security, Act, AFDC, discrimination, TANF

Abstract
This paper presents the facts regarding the murder of Kitty Genovese in New York City in 1964. The paper explains that this murder prompted many social psychologists to consider the nature of emergency helping behavior, since thirty-eight of Genovese's neighbors witnessed the attack without intervening. The paper identifies five elements that determine whether a person will offer assistance in an emergency situation. These conditions are: 1) the event must be noticed by the bystander; 2) it must be interpreted as an emergency by the bystander; 3) the individual must take personal responsibility for offering assistance; 4) the bystander must know how to help; and 5) he or she must be able to implement the decision to offer aid.

From the Paper
"In the case of Kitty Genovese in New York City, interviews with the witnesses after the fact showed that everyone noticed the emergency. (Smetana et al., 1983). Since the young woman was attacked and murdered in the middle of the night, in most cases, neighbors were awoken and some even stayed by their windows for the duration of the attack, which lasted almost an hour. (Smetana et al., 1983)
Having noticed an emergency in the first place, the second condition that determines emergency helping behavior, according to Darley and Latane is the correct interpretation. If the event is not interpreted as an emergency, then no help will be offered. One aspect of this correct interpretation is correct perception. Bystanders have to know that what they are witnessing is an emergency. If gunshots are misinterpreted as a car backfiring, then there will be no perception of an emergency, and no bystander intercession."

Tags:kitty, genovese, murder, aid

Abstract
This paper examines the New Jersey legislation, "Assistance Act of 1995" for abandoned and medically fragile infants, which was designed to curb the continuously increasing numbers of infants who were either abandoned by parents who are simply incapable of providing proper nurturing environment for their child. It explores the possible social reasons for the abandonment. The paper describes grants and provision of services available and foster families and foster care institutes to better utilize them for the benefit of all those medically fragile infants.

Table of Contents
Review of the Act
Purpose of the Act
Congress Research Findings
Grants for Projects/Services
Priority in Provision of Services
Case Plan With Respect to Foster Care
Administration of Grant
Requirements of Application:
Grants to provide nurturing home environments & family-centered services for medically fragile infants
Evaluations, Studies & Reports by Secretary
Definitions
Abandoned' & Abandonment
Dangerous Drugs
Natural Family
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Secretary
Authorization of Appropriations
Recommendations
Works Cited

From the Paper
"On March 16, 1995, "In the House of Representatives", Mr. Payne of New Jersey introduced a bill, which was referred to the Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities. The main motive behind this act was to establish a program that would assist abandoned and medically fragile infants. Consequently; the bill was cited as "Abandoned and Medically Fragile Infants Assistance Act of 1995"".

Tags:baby, illgrant, services, congress, provision, family-centered, nurturing, home, environments, abandonment, dangerous, drug, natural, family, acquired, immune, deficiency, syndrome

Abstract
In discussing the policy changes that have occurred in social assistance with the movement from the Keynesian Welfare State era to the era of neoliberalism, it is evident that many Western governments have significantly reduced social welfare programs since the 1980s, as they have increasingly focused on achieving key objectives such as implementing neoliberal economic and free trade policies in an effort to promote economic growth. This trend has been especially evident in the United States and has accelerated and intensified since 1992 during the administrations of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.

From the Paper
Keynesian Social Welfare Policy and Neoliberalism: An Analysis In discussing the policy changes that have occurred in social assistance with the movement from the Keynesian Welfare State era to the era of neoliberalism, it is evident that many Western governments have significantly reduced social welfare programs since the 1980's, as they have increasingly focused on achieving key objectives such as implementing neoliberal economic and free trade policies in an effort to promote economic growth. This trend has been especially evident in the United

Tags:keynesian, neoliberalism, issues

Abstract
This paper takes a look at why the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program has failed the very people it has targeted for assistance and discusses what can be done to improve their position. The paper first considers the way in which the TANF program aims to encourage marriage and to limit non-marital births. The paper then deals with the particular difficulties the TANF program poses for those with mental health and substance abuse troubles. Finally, the paper considers whether the TANF policy affects national and state government roles. The paper concludes that these policies show how the conservative desire for decentralization have won out with these programs. The paper contends that women, ethnic minorities and those with long-term mental health problems are more likely to become poverty-stricken, not less, under current TANF laws. The paper believes that policy makers on the left need to return to the more positive welfare reforms of the pre-WWII years, when mothers and those in need were provided for without needing to justify their benefits.

Outline:
Introduction
TANF and "Illegitimacy"
TANF and Mental Health
National and State Differences
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is undeniable that the United States, despite being a global leader in financial and economic matters, also has one of the highest rates of poverty in the developed world. Since the middle of the twentieth century, poverty, and issues of welfare reform, have been a constant thorn in the side of legislators.
"There have been two programs of Welfare provision within the last twenty-five years, and the two which will be regularly referred to throughout this work are the much reviled Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (Hereafter referred to as TANF), which was really brought into focus by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA, 1996), part of the Clinton Administration's vow to "End Poverty as [we] know it". Despite the face that it was a Democratic measure, many Republicans have seen the TANF measure as a route to achieving their own goals, and this is probably the reason why it remained fundamentally unchanged when the Bush government re-authorized the program in 2002."

Tags:conservatives, mental, health, substance, abuse, marriage, welfare, eligibility

Abstract
This paper discusses the creation of TANF, a part of the welfare reform program of President Clinton. The paper explains the purpose of TANF, how it was designed to operate, and the problems that arose as a result of its focus on cost-effectiveness. The paper also looks at the general public's perceptions of TANF, how the social worker must operate within the TANF framework, and outside interests influencing the operation of TANF.

From the Paper
"Federal programs often operate according to a theoretical standard that tends to account for the reality of future situations in various degrees of viability concerning operation on state and even local levels. Programs begin and end rather arbitrarily in terms of time-lines and may appear exceedingly distant from the public they are intent on serving. On the other hand, without federal initiatives, development in terms of a common vision shared by these programs is lacking. It is a difficult balance between federalism and standardization that often results in the federal program going through a continuous process of being retooled as various powers come and go in terms of drafting, approving, and amending legislation. Welfare reform is not held separate from this process. With the instigation of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, or TANF, initiatives in the mid nineties, welfare reform was set in terms of cost effectiveness. Since, the economy has undergone a downturn that has resulted in the termination of many workers who started working with the program, which highlights welfare-to-work incentives, and are not able to collect from TANF due to preset time constraints within the system."

Tags:citizen, benefits, racial, equality, justice, affirmative, action, hhs, programs, work, responsibilities