Abstract
The paper closely analyzes the advertisement. It focuses on the target audience, the text and its suggestions, the irony in the text and the way that the text puts across the message of the advertisement.

From the Paper
"The advertisement is for Simply Sleep and Tylenol PM. Simply Sleep is used to treat insomnia. Tylenol PM is used to treat insomnia as well as to relieve pain. The advertisement features a hand-written message over a background showing a dark forest with a new moon in the sky above the text. The audience for the advertisement is anyone suffering from insomnia, whether insomnia on its own, or in combination with pain. The advertisement promises that the product will relieve the insomnia and insomnia sufferers will not have to spend any more nights sitting up awake."

Tags:rhetorical, analysis, target, audience, text, suggestion, irony, message

Abstract
This is an analysis of the advertisement currently showing as a lead-in to Yahoo.com news stories entitled "The Tylenol Promise." As described in this essay, the advertisement follows what the provided materials describes as the various codes or conventions of advertising. Specifically, the writer discusses that the advertisement is targeted to an audience, it attracts attention, it disperses doubt, it creates conviction, and it shares meaning, attracting brand loyalty.

From the Paper
"For this essay, I consider an electronic advertisement on a Website that is easily accessible, so that anyone can visit it, and probably almost everyone has seen it. On yahoo.com, almost all videos are prefaced by advertisements, and one of the most common of these is the Tylenol Promise advertisement. Because of its comparative ubiquity, this advertisement is a fine case to study to see how it follows what are regarded as several of the standard conventions of advertizing. 1. Target an audience: the placement of the advertisement shows that it is clearly placed to target an audience. It is a 31-second piece, which the ..."

Tags:advertisement, promise

Abstract
This paper presents a public relations case study on Tylenol. The paper identifies the different publics involved in the case study as the American consumers who had grown to rely on the business and the product. These consumers were especially important in the Chicago area where the deaths linked to the use of Tylenol had occurred. Stakeholders and employees within the company that contributed to making the product or invested in the product over time are also identified as members of the varying publics in the case study. Additionally, the paper identifies the state and federal governments that were involved in the case because it involved illegal activity, as well as the local police and federal authorities that were attempting to investigate the matter as members of the different publics.

Tags:public, relations, tylenol

Abstract
This paper discusses sleep deprivation in children and refers to studies conducted on the topic. The paper states that children with insufficient sleep showed a lower performance on tests associated with complex tasks as well as a significant correlation between sleep quality and neuro-behavioral functioning. The paper states that these children also had a higher rate of behavioral problems as reported by their parents. The paper continues by relating that there is a relationship linking ADHD with poor sleep since daytime symptoms of insufficient sleep in children overlap with those of ADHD. The paper questions the primary problem and further asks whether ADHD results in behavioral and other sleep disorders, or do primary sleep disorders result in ADHD? The paper concludes that a thorough evaluation of the problem and a treatment plan is required.

From the Paper
" One study suggests that preteens are not getting enough sleep to meet their daily physical and mental needs. This comes from a study of 140 Israeli students in grades two, four, and six. The results show that sleep onset time in second grade was more that one hour earlier than that in sixth grade. The sixth graders reported increased morning drowsiness compared with those of the younger grades. The researchers state the reason for the later sleep onset time is not due to their physiological needs as much as psychosocial reasons. They have increased school demands, a need to feel more like adults by having a more active night life, and there are incentives to stay up later like late-night television shows and internet surfing. The study also links poor sleeping habits with lower maternal education, and adds family stress, illness, and emotional turmoil to the causes."

Tags:sleep, deprivation, neuro-behavioral, functioning, ADHD

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth discussion of the brain's chemistry and how it affects sleep. First, the paper gives a brief overview of the roles and functions of the important neurotransmitters of the brain. Next, the paper shows the negative effects of sleep deprivation, and its impact on neurotransmitters. Special focus is given to the need for REM sleep in particular. The paper goes on to describe how psychiatric patients often suffer from irregular sleep patterns because of their medications. The paper concludes by stating that understanding the neurobiological processes is very important in the development of new pharmacological drugs, especially those that help with sleep disturbances.


Outline:
Introduction
Neurotransmitters of the Brain and their Functions
Post Synaptic Potentials and Neuronal Transmission
Sleep and its Neurotransmitters
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Many psychotic and psychiatric patients suffer from changes in sleeping practices. It is observed that levels of neurotransmitters and changes in receptor binding are involved in the process and an understanding of them crucial for appropriate pharmacological intervention. Majumdar et.al (2003) studies the upregulation or down regulation of neurotransmitters such as norephinephirine, GABA and acetylcholine during sleep deprivation. For this purpose the researchers performed immunohistochemical estimations of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) the respective neurotransmitter enzymes in the locus coeruleus, pedunculopontine tegmentum and laterodorsal tegmentum and the medial preoptic regions of rat brain."

Tags:neurotransmitters, sleep deprivation, REM, insomnia

Abstract
This paper reviews an article from MSN by J. Sommerville entitled "How Much You Sleep Can be Deadly." Various issues and debates from the article are presented, including opposing viewpoints on this subject. According to the reviewer, this article focuses on the sleeping patterns of many Americans and how too much or too little sleep can lead to death earlier in life. It presents results from two studies and talks about each one in detail. The paper concludes by citing the article's recommendation that getting the proper amount of sleep that will not only improve our mental awareness, but increase our lives with every minute that we sleep.

From the Paper
"New research suggests that sleeping too little- or too much- can be the death of you" (Sommerfeld, 2002, p. 1). This article focuses on the sleeping patterns of many Americans and how too much or too little sleep can lead to death earlier in life. It presents results from two studies and talks about each one in detail. Both of the new studies come from Boston, lead by Dr. Daniel Gottlieb, who is an associate professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and each article lists the affects of sleep on the individuals studied. "Gottlieb urged the public not to jump to conclusions, as the study simply shows an association; it does not prove cause and effect. But, he added, the link is striking and should be studied further" (Sommerfeld, 2002, p. 2). Gottlieb goes on to suggest that different lifestyles can contribute to early death other than too little or too much sleep. This article mainly focuses on the process that the researchers went through to come to their conclusion and how there can be many other factors that can contribute to early death. This finding is one that needs more research and attention in order to find out more information about it. Although this article touches on this subject, it is not thorough enough to make a conclusion on any of the research findings. "

Tags:Sleep deprivation, sleep patterns, sleep, longevity

Abstract
The paper discusses how Jensen (2003) indicates that 40 million Americans have "chronic sleep disorders" and that by 2010 it is believed that 79 million Americans will suffer from some type of sleep related issues (p. 25). Additionally, Jensen (2003) states that this must be a concern within society because of the negative resulting factors associated with low sleep, including a risk to safety, a risk to health and the ability to function effectively (Jensen, 2003, p. 25). The paper looks at how Jensen (2003) states that for college students there is a high rate of dissatisfaction in sleeping patterns, exceeding 71% (p. 25), and this is in comparison to a 24% dissatisfaction rate in 1978 (Jensen, 2003, p. 25). The paper reveals that on average, modern college students sleep 6 hours or less, as compared to college students in the 70s that slept for 7.5 or more hours (Jensen, 2003, p. 25). The paper also looks at how Jensen (2003) claims that only 6% of college students attending institutions of higher learning have planned periods of sleep (p. 25).

From the Paper
"Jensen (2003) indicates that 40 million Americans have "chronic sleep disorders" and that by 2010 it is believed that 79 million Americans will suffer from some type of sleep related issues (p. 25). Additionally, Jensen (2003) states that this must be a concern within society because of the negative resulting factors associated with low sleep, including a risk to safety, a risk to health and the ability to function effectively (Jensen, 2003, p. 25). Jensen (2003) states that for college students..."

Tags:college, students, sleep

Abstract
This paper describes the relationship between the human sleep cycle and memory. First, the paper discusses the sleep cycle, with an emphasis on REM and non-REM sleep. It goes on to explain how this sleep is important for regenerating memory.

From the Paper
"The human sleep cycle is recurring and is approximately 90 to 100 minutes (Sadock & Kaplan 346). This cycle is divided into two categories called non-REM and REM sleep. Non-REM sleep is the first stage of sleep, which is when a person is half-awake and half-asleep. Muscle activity begins to slow down; however, the body may twitch during this time. In addition, during this stage, an individual can be easily awakened (Sadock & Kaplan 346). REM sleep, or rapid eye movement (REM), begins approximately 70 to 90..."

Tags:sleep, memory, humans

Abstract
The paper discusses how disorders such as insomnia can be especially distressful in children and adolescents. The paper relates that aside from the normal developmental circadian adaptations and drift of the sleep-wake cycle in these individuals, secondary causes can inhibit initiation or maintenance of sleep, particularly chronic diseases and mental disorders. The paper asserts that while most causes are self-limited and treatment conservative, more elaborate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be warranted. The paper explains that the role of the polysomnography technician is to ascertain the cause of the disorder as well as justify the need for sleep studies while providing useful input for the health care team.

From the Paper
"In order to understand the pathogenesis of sleep disorders, the normal sleep cycle must be understood in a neurophysiologic context. The different stages of sleep follow a cyclic pattern of non-REM (Stage 1-4) sleep, followed by a transition from deep or slow-wave sleep (Stage 3-4) to REM sleep and returning to stage 1 or wakefulness, corresponding to the undulating shift between aminergic inhibition and cholinergic activation, the peak of the latter corresponding to onset of REM sleep (Victor & Ropper, 2001). In infants ages 2-6 months, sleep requirements average 14-16 hours/day,..."

Tags:sleep disorders, infant, adolescent

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that college students all over the world spend many hours completing assignments and maintaining their social life. This writer discusses that these long hours often cause sleep deprivation that can reduce awareness and productivity. The writer discusses that what many students do not realize is that sleep deprivation can lead to serious medical issues, failing grades, mental issues and in some extreme case, even death.

From the Paper
"These long hours often times require the student to borrow time from sleep in order to complete all their tasks and continue their social life. This is unfortunately for the student, community and University because this borrowed time from sleep reduces their awareness and productivity. Many college students erroneously feel that if they can get a couple hours of sleep they will be fine and perform well the next day."

Tags:sleep, deprivation, student, poor, sleep, habits