An examination of SidneySmithHall in Toronto as modernarchitecture in relation to two other buildings, Villa Savoye in Poissy and the German Pavilion in Barcelona.
Abstract This paper approaches three examples of modernarchitecture that seem dissimilar at first, SidneySmithHall at the University of Toronto, the Villa Savoye near Paris, and what is known as the Barcelona Pavilion. The paper holds that despite their different purposes, they are similar structures according to principles of the modern movement. To conclude, it states that SidneySmithHall is significant in a Toronto environment much given to the preservation of architectural heritage, but that has often failed to appreciate its examples of the modern style.
Outline:
Introduction
SidneySmithHall, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street
Villa Savoye, Poissy, nr. Paris 1920-1930 (Le Corbusier)
German Pavilion, Barcelona Exposition, (Mies van der Rohe)
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "As an example of the International Style much pursued by the modern movement, one realizes that the same structure with minimal adjustment could be placed anywhere. (See Khan 1998) Erected in any country in the world, Sidney Smith Hall would offer the same economy of line combined with a feeling of spaciousness and accessibility, its terrace areas suited to the climate of a central Canadian city as much as entirely different settings. This theme of universality was a favourite of both Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier as discussed below. (Padovan 45-48) As a contribution to the international style, Sidney Smith Hall may have shown its ongoing adaptability in the 2003 enclosure of one terrace that was opposed by some but does not seem to have altered greatly the sense of access the architect intended."
Tags: building, Villa Savoye, Poissy, German Pavilion, Barcelona Exposition, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier
Abstract To consider modernarchitecture, this paper considers the various steps that have occurred. It begins with a consideration of the Congres Internationaux d'ArchitectureModerne (CIAM) architects and proceeds to Team X. This is followed by a look at New Brutalism and then leads to a look at the current state of architecture. This gives a view of the current state of architecture, as well as providing the context that allows the current state to be understood. From there, the paper looks ahead to the future of architecture and predicts what that future will look like, based on the trends that have been identified. The paper shows that architecture is ever-changing, while providing an overview of the changes that have taken place until now and the changes that can be expected to take place, leading to the future.
From the Paper "Architecture will never achieve some perfect state where everyone accepts that the one best form has now been achieved. The reason for this is that what is considered best changes as people change. This aspect applies to architecture as much as it does to any other art form or any item produced in society. People in one generation may strive for a certain perfect form and they may even achieve it in their lifetime. However, even if they do, this form does not become the one perfect standard, never changing again. Instead, the next generation considers what has been created before and strives to achieve something. If architecture is considered as art, this is the same process that occurs with all other forms of art. For example, literature created centuries ago does not remain as the one perfect form for literature. Shakespeare's work is still considered great, but the writers of today rarely create works similar to Shakespeare?s. Instead, they create works that reflect modern society, while possibly taking aspects of Shakespeare's work and building on them. This creates a continual process of change, where one form grows into others. If architecture is considered as practical rather than artistic, it can be likened more to research-based developments. For example, the automobile was first developed in the early 20th century. Since that time, technical developments have seen it change considerably. These changes are also in response to changing society. For example, currently environmental issues are a social concern. For this reason, automobiles are beginning to develop with alternatives modes of fuel. Overall, this shows that architecture is like everything else in society, in that it will be constantly changing as society changes, while each generation will consider the works that have gone before it, assess them, make changes, and in doing so, continue the development of the field."
Abstract The first part of this paper looks at the various definitions of what constitutes ?modern? architecture. The next part looks at how the various styles sought to take advantage of new material and to address changing social needs. In the last part, the paper examines how modernarchitecture is responding to new concerns, such as a growing environmental awareness and the security concerns raised by the September 11 attacks on New York's World Trade Center.
From the Paper "The term "modern architecture" encompasses many styles and movements. However, experts generally agree that modern architecture was codified in the "International" style that resulted from the amalgamation of the several design ethics that were only made possible by the technological advances after the Industrial Revolution. By the 20th century, it had become apparent that technology was blurring traditional cultural boundaries, as commerce, industry, travel and immigration grew increasingly global."
Abstract The paper explains that modernism is a term used to describe the styles of architecture, arts and literature of the twentieth century. The paper defines the style of modernism in architecture as a form that takes on a clean line and functional focus. The paper discusses how the contemporary world still feels the effect of the modernist influence. The paper concludes that one must wonder if it is on its way to becoming the new traditionalism.
From the Paper "Modernism is a term used to describe the styles of architecture, arts and literature of the twentieth century. The style of modernism in architecture describes a form that takes on a "clean" line and functional focus. It is a "rational" form of architecture that uses non-traditional forms and materials. According to "Contemporary Architects" on the Edinburgh Architecture website: Modern Architecture became linked to a certain genre of building and thus over time wasn't really 'modern' anymore. Contemporary Architecture currently has less baggage; it is not affected by fall-out from the reign of a certain style."
Abstract The paper examines the correlation between postmodern literature and postmodern architecture by reviewing three notable postmodern literary works and how their features (principally a disavowal of traditional, historical myth) may be found in three post-modernarchitectural marvels of today. These two disciplines are at the forefront of a new age of meta-cognition, one that rebuilds the past by de-constructing it.
From the Paper "There is, perhaps predictably, a strong relationship between postmodern literature and postmodern architecture. One says "predictably" because architects and literary artists are both sculptors and creators and are thus subject to the same broad intellectual fetishes or contretemps. With this in mind, the following paper will examine the correlation between postmodern literature and postmodern architecture by reviewing three notable postmodern literary works and how their features (principally a disavowal of traditional, historical "myth") may be found in three post-modern architectural marvels of today."
Abstract In this paper the author presents a brief history of Western architecture, highlighting the major epochs in European architecture, and modernarchitecture in the US. The paper further discusses the function of architectural space, its use and its aesthetic. Various architectural techniques and their historical development are analyzed. The paper concludes with an an examination of modern architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, whose designs are considered a culmination of the works that preceded him.
From the Paper "It would seem logical to start our exploration of the history of architecture with one of the greatest artists of all time--Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475--1564), regarded by many as the "father of architecture in Europe and the greatest designer of the last 500 years" (Lowry, 167). Of all his architectural designs, the vestibule of the Laurentian Library, built to house the immense collections of the Medici family in Florence, Italy, stands out above all others. This vestibule gives the impression of a vertically compressed, shaft-like space which is dominated by a vast, flowing staircase that almost fills the interior, and unlike his contemporaries, Michelangelo ignored classical architectural ideals by placing his columns in pairs which are sunk into the walls; he breaks columns around corners and placed beneath them consoles not meant as support. In essence, Michelangelo "did away with classical architecture so prevalent in the High Renaissance and greatly influenced all architectural designs and forms that followed him" (Copplestone, 178)."
Abstract The paper discusses an example of the "international style" of architecturalmodernism in Le Corbusier's "Villa Savoye", situated in Poissy, France. The paper notes that the "Villa Savoye" is considered to be Le Corbusier's masterpiece, as it was the first building to fully realize all five points of his architectural aesthetic, as elucidated in his landmark work, "Towards A New Architecture". The paper investigates these five points and analyzes the ways in which they contribute to the formal accomplishment of the building.
From the Paper "He felt that architecture was more than just an engineering feat - it was also an excursion into the realm of visual art, and one that, as such, should uphold the human spirit and the ideals of an era. At the same time, he was against the idea of pure ornamentation in architecture. If a building is merely beautiful and nothing else, chances are great that it will not be useful. To this degree, Le Corbusier emphasized functionality, as well. Both of these realms - functionality and aesthetic pleasure - come to the forefront in Villa Savoye."
Tags:modern, architecture, historicist, perspective, transparency, in, design, modernist, aesthetics
Abstract This paper discusses the life and work and influence of Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio and his effect on modernarchitecture. It looks at his use of new ideas and new forms to express classical building construction. The paper examines his philosophy and the key characteristics of his work before exploring his recognition as one of the founders of modernarchitecture.
From the Paper "Andrea Palladio has been characterized as the greatest architect of the Italian Renaissance associated with the Venetian style Fleming. As the author of the highly influential Four Books of Architecture ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the progression from estrangement to event in Archigram member Ron Herron's, Walking City and architect Rem Koolhaas', Generic City. Postmodernism and existentialism are explored as the basis for the detachment these architectural concepts illustrate. The paper includes photographic representation.
From the Paper "From estrangement to event Archigram's, Walking City and Rem Koolhaas's, Generic City are conceptual models of modern society's transition from estrangement to event. In the evolution of modern thought the progression from estrangement to event has been ..."
Tags: estrangement, event, koolhaas, archigram, walking city, generic city, postmodernism, existentialism
Abstract The following discussion will focus on city hall design in the last half of the twentieth century. The focus will be on the city halls of Kitchener, Mississauga, Ottawa and Toronto. Initially, a brief history of Canadian city hallarchitecture and an outline of the International style will be presented. Subsequently, the four projects will be briefly described and analyzed. A concluding section will offer some qualitative comments and assess the broader meaning of these projects.
Abstract The term architectural acoustics refers to the creation of rooms or concert halls that provide musical sound of high quality. Acoustics are a challenge to all designers of concert halls. The architect aims for the best possible clarity of sound for a knowledgeable listener will hear immediately if the sound of a note is distorted by the interior of the place in which it is played.
Abstract The paper discusses the architecture of two ancient civilizations, the Persians and the Greeks. The paper examines the architecture of Pasargadae, the metropolis that became a dynastic symbol of power and reverence following the establishment of the great complex at Persepolis during the reign of Darius I between 521 and 486 B.C.E. The paper explores how the architectural styles of the Achaemenid period are comparable to those found in ancient Greece, especially during the Classical period. The paper details the structure of the Parthenon.
From the Paper "Architecturally, the buildings of Pasargadae were constructed at varying distances from each other with the major palaces built in a huge walled complex irrigated by water channels. The main palace of Cyrus could be entered through a monumental gateway with carvings of winged bulls on either side. Within this compound, two rectangular structures with columned porches and an immense internal area filled with more columns could be found, all composed of black and white limestone (Pope, 1965, 85). The reliefs which have remained suggests that the figures represented the apotropaic monsters of Assyrian origin; others included the heads of lions, horses and goats. Overall, the mud-brick walls were painted, possibly with diagonal stripes and spirals or red, blue and white."
Abstract In this article the writer takes a look at the similarities that exist in architectural design and fashion design in today's highly technologically advanced and globalized society. The writer points out that fashion and architectural design have passed through many phases as design technology has furthered the possibilities in design. The writer notes that it is now acknowledged among experts in the field, that architectural and fashion design intersect quite often in today's environment of designing products that are both attractive and that will serve the owner well. This study is of a qualitative nature and collects data in the form of information in these two design fields and then conducts what is an interpretive analysis of the information garnered from this study.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One
Background
Research Design
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Definition of Terms
Chapter Two
The Connection between Fashion and Architecture Historical Trends in Fashion & Architecture Impacts of Globalization & Technology on Design
Conclusion
Chapter Three
Discussion of Major Trends & Analysis
Data Collection - A Survey of Modern Designs, Designers, Photos, & Theory
Data Analysis - Criteria: Function versus Image-Statement
An Exploration of a Couple of Modern Japanese Fashion Designers' Work
An Exploration of Hussein Chalayan's Work
Chapter Four
Technology
Importance Of Materials
New Technologies -Quest For New Textiles
How Techno-Textiles Have Increased The Possibilities Of Both Architecture And Fashion
How Do They Work In Practice?
Chapter Five
Conclusion
Is the Interaction Between Fashion And Architecture A Positive Outcome Of Our Modern Life?
Where Do We Go From Here? What Will The Future Of Fashion And Architectural Design Look Like?
Recommendations For Future Research
From the Paper "Today's architectural design and fashion design work have penetrated each others space. Fabrics are used in fashion design to create texture, color and to bring the design elements together into a whole. Architectural design uses the materials for building in much the same way and for the same purpose as each material, whether in fashion or architectural design creates a different effect on the same design. This research views the clothing of an individual making to shelter and provides a definition of our personal space such as do architectural structures although on a much larger scale. Fashion in clothing has allowed express in society for many millions of years. Generally it is those who have attained status within their cultural grouping that have the power to become trend-setters. Furthermore, color is greatly used as a matter of personal choice. Fashions vary greatly dependent upon age, social class, generation, occupation and geography. Fashion evolves constantly particularly in a capitalist society."
Discusses the role of ornament in post modernarchitecture, using the works of post modern architects Hans Hollein, Michael Graves and Robert Venturi as examples.
Abstract This paper explains that the development of a postmodern architectural style can best be understood as a reaction to the modernist perception of art and architecture. The paper explains that, in the postmodern view, ornament is not seen as being extraneous and superfluous, but rather as a valid and important extension and addition to the meaning and the context of the architectural work. The postmodern style reintroduced the value of ornamentation as part of the eclectic and 'open ended' nature of postmodern and post-structural thinking. The paper describes this ornamentation in the work of Hans Hollein, Michael Graves and Robert Venturi. Several colored pictures are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Post Modernism Ornament
Ornaments Role in Postmodern Architecture Example of the Work of Robert Venturi
Example of the Work of Michael Graves
Example of the work of Hans Hollein
Conclusion
From the Paper "Graves achieved international recognition for his design for a Portland Public Services Building in 1980. Another building that bears his unique postmodern stamp is Humana Corporate Headquarters in Louisville, Kentucky (1982). He is also well known for his creative extension to the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York (1985-87). Among his many other works is the Dolphin and Swan Hotels at Disney World in Orlando. These works also make extensive use of decoration and ornamentation."
Tags: imagination eclectic, guild house, humana tower, jewelry stores
Abstract The paper offers an account of Adam Smith's early life, boyhood, his education, major influences as well as a review of his two major books; "Theory of Moral Sentiments" and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Weath of Nations". The paper also analyzes the seeming contradiction in his theories of 'self-interest' and 'sympathy for others' and outlines Smith's views on the 'invisible hand,' mercantalism, slavery and colonialism. The paper concludes that Adam Smith is, without doubt, one of the most influential figures in the history of mankind.
Outline:
Early Life
Childhood and Early Education
College Education
Public Lectures at Edinburgh
University of Glasgow
Theory of Moral Sentiments
Traveling Tutor
The Wealth of Nations
'Self-Interest' and 'Sympathy for Others': Contradiction in Terms?
Adam Smith's Views on Mercantilism
Smith's View on Slavery and Colonialism
Conclusion
From the Paper "Adam Smith (1723-1790), Scottish philosopher and economist, is widely regarded as the father of modern economics and capitalism. His celebrated treatise An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, considered as "the first modern work in the field of economics," contains a comprehensive defense of free market policies and gives a still-valid explanation of how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic well-being and prosperity. Adam Smith's ideas on economics, formulated as they were in the later half of the 18th century, provided the ideological and intellectual background for the Industrial Revolution--the sweeping material transformation in Western society and many parts of the world that characterized the 19th century."
