Abstract This paper has a large emphasis on the Federalist Papers and the American system and constitution, but also looks more broadly at the importance of separation of powers in the U.S. It looks at difficulties in U.S. history of the system as well as the nature of the system and the way it has evolved, including the philosophy behind it.
From the Paper "In the light of the objections to the Constitution the need for separation of powers for the supporters of the constitution is clear. There was a need both for a secure public sovereignty, and a check against tyranny. In the same way, however, the "tyranny of the majority" needed to be avoided. The constitution, in their eyes, was the perfect way to achieve popular sovereignty but avoid tyranny. Furthermore, a classic Aristotelian Republic, where virtue of government and people is crucial, is incongruent with Madison's view of human nature: "The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man"11. He describes humans as naturally exhibiting "animosity" and "self-interest". Democracy would obviously be idiocy in such conditions, but the separation of powers, for Madison, provided an extra balance against the possible self-interest of the no more virtuous representatives: "Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other; at the same time that each will be controlled by itself""
Abstract Of the many significant structural and ideological changes which have taken place in Europe's history, the French Revolution represents an important social shift in the relations between the "people" and the Church as a privileged partner with the State. By discussing how the French Revolution produced a dramatic and structural limitation in the relation of the Church to the state, I do not wish to suggest that the revolution resulted in a complete separation of the church and state. It does, however, signal important factors that contributed to the diminishing role of the Church in state and in public affairs.
This paper discusses federalism, a mechanism designed to institutionalize a permanent struggle between state and national power rather than having the states report obediently to a federal monolith.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 65.95
Abstract This paper explains that the structure of the U.S. government is laid out in Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution. The author points out that the states were not granted specific powers by the Constitution; rather, they were prohibited from certain activities and actions, which makes it clear that the states did not require the federal government for their empowerment. Rather, they had, a priori, all powers the federal government did not specifically claim for itself nor prohibit to the states. The paper relates that, while there has been virtually no change in the concepts or conduct of federalism concerning international conduct and commerce, there have been significant changes in the way the federal government and states have interacted over time: states' rights have eroded, and the federalism has increased.
Table of Contents
Constitutional Framework of Federalism
Specific Powers of the Federal Government
Specific Powers of the States' Legislatures
The Changing Landscape of Federalism
Summary of the Strengths and Weakness of Federalism
From the Paper "Although the United States is not the only nation to create a separation of powers within the authority of government-France, Great Britain, Mexico and other nations do so as well-it is the only nation that has set a constitution that is "deliberately inefficient. The separation of powers devised by the framers of the Constitution was designed to do one primary thing: To prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist." Moreover, it made those provisions in the first three articles of the Constitution."
Abstract This paper discusses the 1991 television docudrama,"Separate but Equal", that details the story of Brown v. Board of Education, the 1954 landmark Supreme Court ruling to desegregate public schools.
Tags: Movie, Docudrama, Television, Separate, Equal, Education, African-Americans, Court, Brown
Suggests that the modern concept of power in today's organizations has been transformed from a traditional superior-subordinate relationship to one that is more loose and informal.
Abstract This paper examines how the modern concept of power in organizations has changed the role of the manager and the role of employees. The paper goes on to suggest that in today's workplace, a manager is no longer one who exercises absolute authority. The manager's role is now that of a facilitator and catalyst. As a result of this change in the concept of power, the controlling function of leadership has evolved. Today's employees enjoy a greater degree of control and power that was unheard of ten years ago.
From the Paper "In today's society, human beings are exposed to and strongly influenced by many types of power. As a result of globalization and innovative technology, managers and employees alike are seeing rapid changes in their workplaces. The changes affect millions of people personally, as they have to deal with company downsizing and learning new skills."
Abstract The paper reviews the modern concept of the power center. This paper defines the power center as "...those shopping centres that are designed or renovated specifically to attract big box tenants". This assignment examines a specific power center to explore their use of space and retail strategies. The power center this paper reviews is the Erin Mills Power Center located in the City of Mississauga. It is bordered by Highway 403 on the west so that the power center can be easily accessed by car by people from other cities.
Abstract In Sophocles's "Antigone" and William Shakespeare's "The Tempest", two very different, yet similar, displays of power on the parts of Creon and Prospero are the basis of the plots of their respective stories. This paper explains how both Creon and Prospero use their power relations to impose their own ideals on the societies in which they live. Creon uses his power on the throne to impose his own laws and beliefs on the people, while Prospero uses his supernatural powers, ultimately, for the good of his community, as well as personal gain. It explains that these examples of power relations, as shown by Sophocles and Shakespeare, serve the purpose of demonstrating to the readers that authority figures and government are capable of imposing whatever they wish on the people, in some cases causing unnecessary grief for many.
From the Paper "Traditionally, authority figures tend to flaunt their power in search of personal gain and intimidation. In The Tempest, Prospero uses his magical powers to employ the use of a servant and a spirit to assist him in his personal chores and to keep the island running smoothly. In Antigone, Creon uses his royal power, more or less, to his personal advantage, with no obvious benefit to society. Prospero's supernatural abilities are made evident when Miranda accuses him, ?by your art thy dearest father, you have / put the wild waters in this roar.?(Shakespeare, I. ii. 1-2). In light of this, one may be led to believe that Prospero is trying to hurt those on the ship who have hurt him in the past but, in fact, Prospero only creates this storm out of love for his daughter who is in search of a mate, and Ferdinand, who is on board the ship seems to be a logical candidate. Prospero ensures that no one is harmed by the storm by sending his spirit, Aerial, to keep watch over the ship."
Tags: authoritative, ferdinand, grief, law, moral, power
Abstract The paper discusses the two alternatives of nuclear power and hybrid cars; both being economical enough to impact real change and be accepted into the energy spectrum. However, nuclear power has far more impact and has a proven track record. For example, the paper explains how nuclear power currently accounts for 20% of America's energy production and produces no carbon-dioxide. Hybrid cars, to this point, have only been able to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% and improve gas mileage by 2-3 mpg. This type of effect is simply on too small a scale to be economically viable or have an impact on the environment. The paper concludes that nuclear power, which is reemerging as a power source ready to expand, is the more viable option to reduce CO2 emissions.
From the Paper "For years alternative energy sources have been a major controversy. The debate has influenced many other areas besides simply energy consumption. It has clearly impacted the economic, political, and social climates of countries around the world. Nuclear power and hybrid cars are two alternatives that have been economical enough to impact real change and be accepted into our energy spectrum. Both of these alternatives are environmentally conscious and are helping to reduce carbon-dioxide levels in the atmosphere; however, clearly one is of greater use in the fight against CO2. Nuclear power has and will continue to be the major clean fuel source in the US, despite the positive impact of hybrid automobiles."
Abstract The paper discusses how the complex variables of oligarchic settings in this play reveal the constant flux of power that exchanges hands within this family. In many ways, power is a relative abstraction that goes beyond title or other means of status that exists within the many lovers in this comedy. The paper shows how the often hilarious setting makes a buffoonery of nobility and its supposed power in society, marking a trend toward love as the real power center in regards to usurping power over one another.
From the Paper "This drama study will analyze the setting and theme for the usurpation of power in "A Midsummer Nights Dream" by William Shakespeare. The key thematic connection of the usurpation of kingly power is a central focus in Shakespeare's characters in this play. By integrating the theme of love in this analysis, one can realize the trickery and guises through romance that instigate plot tension within these works by William Shakespeare. In essence, the setting and theme of Shakespeare's play reveals the revolving door of leadership in the usurpation of power in "A Midsummer Nights Dream." The usurpation of power in the play "A Midsummer Nights Dream" is a patriarchal issue that relates to Egeus and his daughter Hermia."
Abstract The paper explains that political anthropology concerns itself with the distribution of power in a variety of social contexts. The paper discusses how power from this perspective is not viewed only in terms of Big Men or authority figures, but also how power is manifested in domestic politics or its distribution and use within families' kin networks and communities. In this essay, the writer compares and contrasts the manifestation of power within the Aliyah Center in Barbara Myerhoff's "Number Our Days" and the distribution and use of power in my sorority.
Looks at the theme of "invisible power" or the creation of power through fear, force and humiliation, in a novel about a Catholic high school in the 1960's.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 26.95
Abstract This essay describes the use of fear, humiliation, and physical force to create power structures out of thin air and people's assumptions - the "invisible power" of the title. The novel, about a Catholic boys' high school in the 1960s, treats these themes with astonishing frankness, and allows us to see the creation of power and advantage by people who use others' fears and weaknesses to build up their own status and influence.
Abstract This paper compares the works of Claude McKay (specifically "Harlem Dancer," "Black Belt Slummers," and "Harlem") and Langston Hughes ("Death In Harlem" and "Harlem Jazz Club"). It views them next to the more concretely illustrated depiction of the "Club" in James Weldon Johnson's "The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man". By doing so, we understand the power structure of the Harlem Nightclub and the struggle of the African American residents within them, against members of the opposite sex and opposite race, which many used to gain power as a tool of survival.
I. Introduction
II. Portrayal of the Nightclub in James Weldon Johnson's "Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man"
III. Langston Hughes's "Death in Harlem" (Primarily Power Struggles between Gender)
IV. Claude McKay's "Harlem Dancer"
V. Claude McKay's "Black Belt Slummers" (Primarily Power Play Between Races)
VI. Langston Hughes's "Harlem Night Club"
VII. Claude McKay's "Harlem"
VIII. Conclusion
From the Paper "The next class of people the narrator describes are three sets of slummers-the sight-seerers, the black face actors, and the female patrons--or whites who come to the club to awe over the spectacle of African American culture and society. In terms of the power structure of the "Club" the female patrons are the most interesting as they pay for the clothes, diamonds, and drinks of their black companions a sight that unsettles the narrator. The narrator's inability to accept the prosperity of the black man in this situation is based on the fact that the money and social status emasculate the man and make him into an animal, a "social phenomena," rather than a person (Johnson, 79). "
This in-depth paper defines and analyzes the effects of power during the modern and postmodern eras, while focusing on the views and opinions of sociologist Max Weber and philosopher Michel Foucault.
Abstract This well-researched paper examines the post-modern shift in sociology and culture that has evolved, due to the effects of modern thought. This paper defines the term power, as perceived by sociologist Max Weber during the modern era, while Michel Foucault's philosophical views and opinions relate to the postmodern era. According to Weber, modernity was a particular set of ideas and modes of thought that, like any other set of facts, possessed a history. This paper discusses Weber's research and writings which cited that human society was as scientific as any other aspect of the natural world. The writer of this paper contends and explains how and why Weber viewed power as a triumphant rationalism and that all of existence could be reduced to theory and experiment. The writer also details the views and opinions of Foucault, who contends that everything in the universe is relative. This paper examines Foucault's ideas, which relate primarily to his definition of power as "the possession of dominion over others." According to Foucault, in the postmodern era, money is the primary source of power.
From the Paper "If you receive deference, you are more powerful than the individual who gives you that deference. It all sounds so simple and straightforward. Max Weber's definition of power as a matter of relative prestige is the Modernist Definition of Power... right? Yes, "right" if the author of this composition is solely responsible for defining a Modernist definition of anything versus a Postmodernist definition of the same thing. Obviously, the problem is not to so clear cut, nor so easily resolved. The terms "Modern" and "Postmodern" are as much relative distinctions as those found to exist between the words "short" and "tall." At bare minimum, a working definition of the terms "modern," and "Postmodern" would probably hinge on the most common, generally, and widely accepted meanings of the two terms - but not necessarily.
However, much as Rene Descartes proclaimed, "I think therefore I am," we too shall attempt a specific definition of our two terms of comparison."
Tags: philosophy, view, opinion, power, money, theory
Abstract This paper reviews the doctrinal development of war powers held by the President as Chief Executive. The author examines legislative war powers enactments, executive war powers initiatives and judiciary war powers-related decisions. The paper focuses on Supreme Court decisions.
From the Paper "The Constitution of the United States makes the president Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces but does not give to this chief executive unlimited authority to declare war."
Abstract This paper examines the hazardous situation of the nuclear power system in the former Soviet Union, focusing on Russia and its determination to pursue nuclear power as an energy source. The paper discusses nuclear power development plans in Russia and provides statistics on nuclear power facilities.
From the Paper "This report examines the situation of the nuclear power system in the former Soviet Union focusing on Russia, in which government remains determined to pursue development of needed energy sources via nuclear power plant construction. However, the literature reveals that prior to the collapse of the former Soviet Union the region's operating nuclear power plant facilities were largely unsafe, poorly maintained and operated unprofessionally. Poor waste disposal, dumping of wastes on open land and numerous accidents or other hazardous incidents..."
