Abstract
This paper discusses the theory of global positioning satellites, illustrating the technology behind the system. The history of global positioning satellites is outlined, describing the first global positioning system, the transmission functions and the reception of information from global positioning satellites. The paper presents the advantages of the global positioning satellites system.

From the Paper
"As the name suggests, the global positioning satellite system is based on satellites. It is a navigational system that comprises of a complex arrangement of satellites that orbit round the earth. Twenty-four in all, these satellites are eleven thousand nautical miles far in space. There are six dissimilar orbits wherein the satellites continually keep revolving. It takes these satellites twenty-four hours to complete two orbital revolutions round the Earth. Upon calculation, the revolutionary speed of these satellites is computed to be around 2,600 meters per second (JA-GPS.com)."

Tags:navigational, space, orbit, receivers, transmittors, almanac, ephemeris, pseudo-random, data

Abstract
The paper relates that satellite imagery has affected the deforestation of the Amazon by detecting problems such as road building, mining operations, fires where land is being cleared for crops, logging operations, dam projects and clearing for building projects. The results of these satellite images also indicate rising heat indexes, less forest and damage to the ecological system that exists in the Amazon. The paper reveals how satellites determine data and offers general information about the technology.

Outline:
How Satellites Determine Data
What Satellite Imagery Tells Scientists About the Amazon
How Satellite Imagery Affects the Rainforest
The Types of Satellites Used and General Information About the Technology

From the Paper
"The amount of water or ice particles in the air can be measured by a satellite sensor and this determines part of the information that will tell what is going on, back on earth. Together with satellite visual imagery, the information can give a scientist an amazing amount of information. An article in Satellite Data Applications: Weather and Climate talks about how satellites may measure the physically based parameterization of cloud processes and cloud water. (Weng 407) These measurements are used in a SSMI/Cloud Liquid Water algorithm to find out how the clouds are affected by the thermal emission. (Earth 2005)"

Tags:rainforest, damage, environment, technology

Abstract
This paper examines how satellite technology is used worldwide to provide important services in the fields of research, communications and more and how one of the most popular applications of satellite technology is the development of the Global Positional System (GPS). It provides an overview of satellites and GPS, including a brief description of the principles behind satellite technology and deployment and specifically of GPS. It also covers the origins and development of GPS as well as a synopsis of its current military and civilian uses. Finally, this paper also aims to address the future of GPS technology in the private sector.

From the Paper
"By 1972, the best characteristics of these satellite systems and the investigation of the steering group came together to result in the development of today's system that would be known as the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System. The program was officially approved in 1973 and by February 1978, the first experimental GPS satellites (called Block I) were being launched into space. From the beginning, GPS had to meet the radio navigation requirements of all military services as well as those of civilian users and by February 1989, the second block of GPS satellites (Block II) was launched into space. Today's GPS is now made up of twenty-four Block II and IIA satellites and one experimental satellite from Block I. (Commission 145-146)"

Tags:telecommunications, technology

Abstract
In this article, the writer first defines core-satellite management and then discusses the efficency of the core-satellite portfolio model. The writer looks at the increase in exchange traded funds (ETFs) that are mainly used in the core of the portfolio. Furthermore, the writer notes that the list of alternative investments constantly increases, creating new possibilities for satellites. The writer maintains that thanks to the research, some models are improved and some others created that facilitate the use of the core-satellite management, for example, new methods are developed to measure hedge fund return. The paper includes color graphs and charts.

Outline:
Introduction
The Core-Satellite Model
Why the Core-Satellite Management?
The Tracking Error
Other Advantages/Drawbacks
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
Overview of Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
What are ETFs?
What Kinds of ETFs Exist?
What are the Advantages of ETFs Versus Open-Ended Funds?
What are the Ways to Use ETFs?
Hedge Funds
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The goal of the tracking error constraints is to limit the bad tracking error. However, tight tracking error constraints can lead to a suboptimal management of the portfolio.
"First, as most active managers still have dominant passive exposure to their benchmark, a great part of their fees reward a passively managed portfolio.
"Secondly, the active manager cannot use freely their skills. When an actively managed portfolio must follow a benchmark with tight tracking error constraints, it severely restricts the amount invested in active strategy. This means renouncing to opportunities of return enhancement and risk reduction. In case of economic downturn the opportunity cost is even higher because active absolute return strategies usually out-perform the market.
"With the core-satellite, on the contrary, because of the higher tracking error allowed to the satellites, the managers don't have to give up the potential of higher returns generated by selected active management strategies."

Tags:investments, benchmark, tracking

Abstract
This paper relates that the satellite radio industry is in the very early stages with a predicted long, multi-year global growth curve. The author points out that Sirius has set the tone for the industry, being the first to offer commercial free programming on all its music channels and has larger selection of receivers, adapters and other products. XM has a cheaper subscription fee, at least for its basic plan, which offers much the same fare as its competitor. The paper concludes that Sirius and XM Satellite Radio companies have individual benefits, which will ensure their longevity in the satellite radio industry, and the companies are on a level playing field

Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of Satellite Radio
Overview of Sirius Satellite Radio
Overview of XM Satellite Radio
Comparative Analysis of Sirius and XM Satellite Radio

From the Paper
"Just as many TV viewers have come to consider cable TV a life necessity, so too is satellite radio becoming a mainstream replacement for traditional AM/FM listening. Similar to cable, this service has to be paid for, but just as with cable, you get a lot more channels and edgier, more innovative programming. An additional benefit is that there is no loss of your favorite station as you travel across the state or country. As an added plus, satellite players show the artist and name of the song, which is definitely an incentive for those who like to know what they're listening to."

Tags:automobile, receivers, subscription, growth, sound

Abstract
This paper explains that the advantage of satellite technology over direct wire transmission is obvious: Satellites can transmit data at light speed anywhere on the planet without impractical and costly wiring. The author writes about three general types of satellites, classified by the type of orbit they follow: (1) Geosynchronous orbit, GEO, in which the satellite's orbit is synchronized with the rotation of the earth; (2) Medium earth orbit, MEO, which gets closer to the earth because it utilizes an elliptical orbit, and (3) Low earth orbit, LEO, the most recent type of satellite, which are located approximately 450 miles above the surface of the Earth, and can be used for portable phones with smaller antennas. The paper relates that the attributes of satellite systems make them valuable for varying internet applications, but the primary difficulty now is congestion and associated delays; however, when LEO satellites become more abundant and dependable, it is probable that the amount of internet traffic, which LEO satellites can handle, will increase.

From the Paper
"Fortunately, as the technologies improve-in both the internet and satellites-prices fall and these tools become more widely available. "Thanks to both the rapid deployment of the internet, and advances in satellite technology, the market for broadband satellite services is poised for substantial growth in the coming decade." Particularly, satellites in GEO orbits are being improved to be capable of relaying more information; with less latency and interference. Also, LEO satellites are being employed because they do not require the bulky equipment needed to improve the existing GEO satellites. Additionally, with the advent of dense wavelength division multiplexing along fiber optic cables, broadband capabilities should become exponentially greater."

Tags:leo, geo, internet, broadband, orbit

Abstract
This paper examines how communications satellites and computer technology, have completely revolutionized modern warfare. It looks at how strategy, deployment, and combat are all affected by the contemporary commander's access to state-of-the-art communications equipment that permits him to observe from afar the lay of the land, the supply lines and disposition of enemy troops.

Outline
Introduction
The First Satellites
The U.S. Military and New Strategies for Defense
Practical Applications

From the Paper
"Relaying information, satellites provide real-time data in regard to "hot spots" around the world. Satellites have been instrumental in maintaining the U.S. edge in Korea, providing both surveillance capabilities and also guidance for American "smart" bombs. (Harrison, 2002, p. 126) These arrangements significantly outclass North Korean Dictator Kim Jong-Il's vast armed camp of a nation. Yet "spy satellites" hardly represent the very latest and most significant aspects of the new technology. Defense itself is being changed almost beyond recognition by the use of satellites as key elements in operations as well as planning. The new wave in military thinking focuses on, "stand-off capabilities. The situation will be developed 'out of contact,' that is, by satellite and airborne sensors rather than by the armed reconnaissance of ground elements.""

Tags:iraq, defense, surveillance

Abstract
Iridium LLC, the world's first global satellite phone and paging company created an expensive network of 66 low-earth orbiting satellites, combined with terrestrial cellular systems, which enabled customers to communicate virtually anywhere in the world using one phone and pager, one phone number and one monthly bill. This paper discusses how satellite mobile phones work. It then discusses the failure and bankruptcy of Iridium and proposes an alternative marketing strategy.

From the Paper
"One of the current problems with satellite phones is that they require direct line-of-sight with a satellite, which means that it may be difficult to use them in buildings, especially modern ones which contain a lot of metal. Because of this, satellite phones will essentially provide an outdoor, rural service. They will be complementary to land based cellular systems and not competition for them."

Tags:Motorola, AT&T, Wireless, LEO

Abstract
This paper states that each country---Hungary, Belarus and Ukraine--- has a long history of special internal concerns, foreign relations goals, and socio-political aims that make joining the European Union a difficult decision. The author feels that Hungary, which is more like the West, is more likely to join the EU. The paper contends that Belarus and Ukraine, whose economies and societies are intertwined with Russia, more likely will turn towards Russia. Several long quotations. End notes.

From the Paper
"Diplomatic relations were opened between Hungary and the European West in August 1988. This was followed by the Europe Agreement which was signed on December 16, 1991. This gave Hungary the status of an associated state within the European Union. As a result, there began a steady flow of Western funds into the Hungarian economy. Hungary was one of the first beneficiaries of the European Union's new PHARE program, a program specifically designed to render financial assistance to countries seeking admission into the European Union. Since 1990, Hungary has received more than "1 billion under this program. Importantly, these funds do not have to be repaid, and have contributed successfully to the reinvigoration of Hungary's infrastructure: economic development and restructuring, environmental investments, research and development, public administration, human resources development, and various other tasks deems necessary to prepare estate for membership in the European Union. Furthermore, Hungary also benefits from two additional programs, the Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession, and the Special Accession Program for Agriculture and Rural Development. Under these programs, Hungary expects to receive nearly "140 million each year over the course of the next few years. This cooperation with the West has been an extremely positive experience for Hungary."

Tags:west, russia, economy, culture, internal

Abstract
The paper discusses how in recent years, the cable and satellite TV industries have transformed television as we know it. The paper describes how broadcast television first debuted at the New York World's Fair in 1939, and quickly began to make dramatic changes in the way people lived, worked, and spent their leisure hours. The paper then relates that by 1949, community antenna television, which was an early form of cable television, was sending broadcast signals to rural Pennsylvania and Oregon (Toto). The paper further relates that by the 1960's, most people had a choice of just three channels, but now it is commonplace to have a choice of hundreds of channels. The paper shows how this is thanks to the development of the cable and satellite industries.

From the Paper
"In recent years the cable and satellite industries have transformed television as we know it. Broadcast television first debuted at the New York World's Fair in 1939, and quickly began to make dramatic changes in the way people lived, worked, and spent their leisure hours. By 1949, community antenna television, which was an early form of cable television, was sending broadcast signals to rural Pennsylvania and Oregon (Toto). By the 1960's, most people had a choice of just three channels, but now it is commonplace to have a choice of hundreds of channels. This is thanks to the development of the cable and satellite industries. Thanks largely to..."

Tags:technology, cable, satellite