Abstract
This paper explains that, despite the historical contribution of women to the economy of the Sub-Saharan African region during the pre-colonial era; today, women face formidable social and economic barriers, which exploit them. The paper points out the history, effects and possible solutions to gender inequality in politics and economics in this region. The paper also discusses the need for agricultural education for women to increase productivity and a constitutionally defined quota system to boost female participation. The paper concludes that gender inequality in politics and economics in Sub-Saharan Africa is an obstacle to the development of the region.

From the Paper
"The second strategy suggested is to act immediately to increase the productivity of subsistence producers. Immediate gains could be realized by increasing women's access to land credit, tools and appropriate technologies. The third strategy suggested is to change the definitions and assumptions made by conventional development policies in order to collect information that creates a realistic picture of subsistence economies. Personally, I believe they are other steps that could be taken by governments in Sub-Saharan Africa that could improve women's political and economical participation."

Tags:marginalized, loans, textile, education, productivity

Abstract
This research paper explores the determining factors of growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by examining the increasingly dominant role of financial assistance, natural resources, culture and non governmental organizations in selected countries of the region. To understand this relationship better, the paper makes a comparison between economic policies, cultural variations and political systems of selected countries. The countries this study reviews are Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda and Sierra Leone.

Outline:
Methodology
Objective
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Previous Work and Literature
Economy Openness
Culture
Foreign Assistance
The Role of NGOs

From the Paper
"Countries rich in resources must be tempted to promote their export growing policies, which will increase economy openness and exposure to external shocks even to a higher degree. The country will improve its' international competitive position if it promotes exports and trade by investing heavily into this economy sphere. The second round positive result from promoting exports and trade is the future possible exploitation of economies of scale in production when the output sales markets for the producers expand. The third round positive affect is that the producers will naturally eliminate inefficient production facilities and invest into high technology and train and grow skilled labor resources to remain competitive in the global arena. These are the main reasons for opening up the economy and playing on the global market arena, and are very effective economy stimulating methods for economies with low local purchasing power and thus limited local output markets, which are the classifications of African counties, as proven by Fosu . "Open economies do grow more rapidly than closed economies... Whether the measure of openness has to do with exchange rate overvaluation, relative price distortions, tariffs and quotas, share of trade in GDP, the black market premium, or a composite measure combining some of these with state monopolization of commodity exports and general socialism" (Easterly, 2000, p. 48) . "

Tags:development, reforms, employment, trade, union, export, political, instability

Abstract
The paper looks at the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and the issues involved in eradicating extreme poverty, that include education problems, child mortality, maternal ill health and deaths from malaria, AIDS and tuberculosis. The paper also discusses the conflicts wars in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) at any given time and the gender inequality in education. The paper looks at how the MDG Report 2008 points to some successes in terms of achieving goals but notes the belief that the "structural adjustment" strategies by the IMF and World Bank are not helpful in the long run.

Outline:
Introduction
One
Two
Three
Four

From the Paper
"The problems reflected in each of the UN goals are significant and the challenges are enormous, but the MDG approach was projected to be powerful enough and the international commitment fervent enough to overcome the challenges. As for poverty, the MDG Report 2008 points out that "poor people are caught in a vicious circle"; poor mothers are more likely to die giving birth to a child and children of poor families "...are more likely to be malnourished" and hence "more susceptible to an early death from childhood diseases" (MDG Goals Report).
"Eradicating extreme poverty has other implications because: a) poor children "receive less education and some may receive none at all"; b) "gender imbalances are more pronounced among the poor" and females from poor families are often excluded from "recognized development benefits and opportunities"; and c) the poor not only have meager incomes, they are the most "deprived of health, education and other aspects of human well-being" (MDG Goals Report 2008). Education could lift millions of poor children from abject poverty to a livable level of life, but sadly, in Sub-Saharan Africa "only a quarter of children of secondary age are in secondary school" (MDG Goals Report 2008). Part of a basic education is achieving literacy, and the ability to read opens up numerous social, economic, and cultural doors for poor children. Gender equality begins at the level of giving girls equal opportunities to an education, the MDG Goals Report 2008 points out."

Tags:education, conflict, child, mortality, malaria, AIDS, tuberculosis

Abstract
This paper examines how world trade policies have caused a marginalization in global trade in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) economies. The paper begins by examining the official World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) economic policies with regard to SSA. Next, the paper examines the implications of world trade policies. Then the paper discusses how foreign aid, whether in the form of charitable aid or foreign investment in SSA economies, impacts the production capability of SSA countries. Finally, the paper examines the progress made by SSA nations, the developed world, WTO, and GATT to assist SSA nations in their efforts to fairly share in the global economy. After discussing the cause of the economic problems faced by SSA countries as a result of world trade policies, the paper then proposes several solutions to those problems. The paper suggests ways that the developed world can help SSA nations take their places in the global economy. More importantly, the paper suggests ways in which the SSA nations can take control of their developing economies and become competitive in the global market. Finally, the writer maintains that diversifying the economic base for individual SSA nations, as well at the region in general, should lead to greater economic stability and competitiveness.

Contents:
Introduction
Discussion
Poverty in SSA
Official WTO Policy
Economic Subsidies
Tariffs
Non-tariff Barriers to Trade
Dumping
Foreign Aid
The Downside of Trade Liberalization
HIV/AIDS
Progress
Recommendations
Conclusions
References

From the Paper
"Anyone with even a passing familiarity with the global economy is aware that SSA countries, despite their abundant human and natural resources, have not taken a competitive position in the global economy. While the casual observer may believe that SSA's failure to be competitive in the global economy is a result of the interior workings of the economies of those SSA nations, even a cursory investigation into world trade policies quickly reveals a bias against the growth of economies. For example, many of the trade policies established by the WTO under GATT guidelines inhibit true economic growth in SSA economies. Furthermore, those trade policies have helped shape the economic infrastructure of SSA nations, in such a manner that those countries actually maintain policies that inhibit their own economic growth."

Tags:economy, marketplace, developing, countries

Abstract
This paper attempts to compare Latin America to sub-Saharan Africa by incorporating the findings of three articles that look at immigration, environmental concerns and family planning. It aims to discuss how these areas of concern are being addressed and how they have been or may be solved.

From the Paper
"A major concern in Sub - Saharan Africa and the Latin American nations is family planning & sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and Aids. "The ideal family size of about four children is lower in Rwanda than in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa. However, the annual rate of change observed between the periods of 0-3 and 4-7 years preceding the surveys (-4.2 percent) is clearly greater than those noted in the first phase of the fertility transition in Botswana, Kenya, and Zimbabwe."(Pillet) The use of contraceptives in Africa has declined as the use of contraceptives increases. The changes can be compared to Latin America in the 1970's. "In Asia and Latin America, the accelerated decline in fertility observed in a few countries in the 1950s and 1960s was repeated in most of the others in the 1970s." (Pillet)"

Tags:hiv, immigration, environment, family, planning

Abstract
The paper discusses how developed countries have caused the African countries to remain dependent on them and perpetually poor. The paper further reveals that global warming has caused an increase in floods, droughts, food shortages, lack of farmland, shortages of useable water and an increase in infectious diseases. The paper discusses how the lack of farmland is causing Africans to allow high levels of deforestation, a major factor causing climate change. The paper clearly illustrates that unless drastic changes are made soon, the Sub-Saharan people are at an even greater risk than normal of illness, food shortages and death.
The paper includes a color map of Africa as well as a table of carbon dioxide emissions of developed and developing nations.

From the Paper
"The move from colonialism to independence didn't bring the expected results to these countries. With the "help" of the IMF and WTO they went from one kind of control to another. In order to receive aid to establish themselves, severe restrictions were put in place that kept them from competing in the global economy, restrictions that the core countries weren't subjected to. This, and other inequalities, keeps the poor Sub-Saharan countries down, while the rich developed countries continue to get richer. An unequal balance of trade, with the core countries always in control of the expensive secondary goods, and the periphery exporting the cheaper primary goods, has put financial gain in the hands of everyone involved except the periphery. Greedy transnational corporations build their products in African and other underdeveloped countries, taking advantage of their labor force with pathetically low wages. Half the population of Africa lives on less than one U.S. dollar a day. The price of their exports, such as sugar, cocoa and coffee, keeps dropping, while the price of imports continues to increase."

Tags:climate, change, drought, poverty, famine, water, malaria, deforestation

Abstract
This paper discusses the occurrence of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper reviews the first program to control the spread of malaria in Sub-Saharan African countries that started in the 1920's with larval restraint. The governments in Sub-Saharan Africa have encouraged policies that target the destruction of the mosquitoes that cause this disease, since reliable means to contain this disease are out of their reach. These policies have paved way for excessive utilization of man-made insect-killers, mainly dichlorodiphenyl trichioroethane (DDT). This man-made insect-killer is said to possess extreme side affects to both the environment and the human life. The paper examines the reasons that have triggered the developed world to ban the use of DDT and explores the attempts to influence Third World countries to also take the initiative to ban the use of DDT. The paper demonstrates that malaria entails exceedingly important economic expenditures on Sub-Saharan African countries.

Outline
Executive Summary
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Review of the Literature
Malaria Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Age and Gender Analysis of Malaria Cases
Financial Expenses of Malaria Treatment
Malaria Prevention and Control in Sub-Saharan Africa
Pertinent Foundation
DDT is Necessary to Control Malaria
Abolishing the Use of DDT
Function of the World Health Organization
Influence of International Policies
Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is common knowledge that malaria is the world's most lethal bloodsucking infection. Malaria takes life from more people than any other infectious virus, apart from tuberculosis (TB). Despite the fact that the geological region influenced by malaria has reduced drastically in size in the preceding five decades, restraining Malaria has turned out to be extremely difficult, in fact impossible, and the efforts and improvements by the respective governments have been wasted.
The infection is passed on by Anopheline mosquitoes, the figure and kind of which establish the degree of flow in a specified region. Augmented threat of the infection is related with transformations in the utilization of land concerning actions like highway construction, mining, logging, as well as, farming and irrigation ventures, predominantly in border regions like the Sub-Sahara Africa. One of the cures for this ailment that has been extremely useful is the utilization of DDT."

Tags:ddt, bloodsucking, anopheline, mosquitoes

Abstract
This paper provides a comparison and contrast of HIV/AIDS in the United States and sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses various aspects of the virus and epidemic, including origins, mortality, incidence, demographics, treatment, research and government policy. Also included is a discussion of why the disease is abating in the U.S. but continuing to increase in scope and proportion in sub-Saharan Africa.

From the Paper
"Often referred to as a contemporary Black Plague, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is over twenty-five years old. The disease has killed more than millions of people worldwide and experts estimate that millions more are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus responsible for AIDS. First detected among gay men in New York and Los Angeles, AIDS initially was viewed as a homosexual disease."

Tags:monkeys, transmission, blood borne, sexually transmitted diseases, malnutrition, immune system, suppression, lymphocytes, multidrug treatments, homosexuality, blacks, pregnancy, infants

Abstract
More than any other region, the Sub-Saharan Africa is more heavily affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic than any other region on the globe. It is estimated, that more that 22 million people were living with HIV following the end of 2007 and more that 1.9 million additional people were infected during that year. In this past year alone, the AIDS epidemic in Africa has taken the lives of more than 1.5 million people and more than 11 million people have been orphaned by AIDS

From the Paper
Focusing on Prevention: An Examination of Governmental Intervention in Sub-Saharan AIDS/HIV Programs Joe Student Professor's Name Course Code March 14, 2009 More than any other region, the Sub-Saharan Africa is more heavily affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic than any other region on the globe. It is estimated, that more that 22 million people were living with HIV

Tags:prevention, aids, hiv

Abstract
This paper will discuss the elements of neo-colonialism that seems to have affected a large part of the Sub-Saharan parts of Africa within the book "Understanding Contemporary Africa" by Douglas Gordon. This paper will focus on the ways that this has been achieved in the rules that the colonials have created upon the African learning systems here. With this in mind, we can see how they function in tandem.