Abstract In this paper the author outlines the poverty, malnutrition, disease and lack of good agriculture that is abundant in the ruralareas of India. He highlights villages where tragedy has occurred. The author proceeds to discuss suggestions of how to improve the plight of these despondent ruralareas and gives examples of how to support non-agricultural labor through education programs in order to stimulate and maintain growth elsewhere in rural economies, reducing the reliance upon unreliable environmental conditions present in agriculture. The author also points out that critical both to agriculture and to quality of life in general, are such issues as irrigation, sanitation and medical attention, which he suggests can be addressed by aid organizations. The author suggests ways that these issues can be addressed through government bodies and other charity organizations. In conclusion he states that it is imperative to provide economic stimulus to the country as a whole through increased agricultural output and increased work-force strength both in terms of health and education.
Table of Contents:
Introduction and Model Exploration
Proposal Based on Model Systems
From the Paper "As is apparent from the models provided in Zimbabwe, Malawi and the Bihar Plateau, support of agriculture is key to addressing both immediate and long-term nutritional needs as well as economic growth of rural areas. Because of the symbiosis present between poverty and under nutrition, short-term measures such as emergency food and water relief are not sufficient to address the problem of under nutrition on an ongoing basis, and chronic use places undue fiscal burden on aid organizations and the Indian government. A more far-sighted and ultimately successful method of resolution incorporates both top-down and bottom-up relief, integrating short-term, immediate relief efforts with long-term, delayed benefit policies."
Abstract This research papers examines the state of health care in the ruralareas of the United States early in the 21st century. The four major topical areas discussed are rural hospitals, rural health clinics, managed care in ruralareas, and technology in rural health care. The paper contends that there are solutions to the problems confronting rural health care, but that policy changes and attitudinal changes are necessary first.
Tags:Rural, Health, Hospitals, Clinics, Technology, Managed, Care
Abstract Diabetes is estimated to afflict approximately 12 million Americans. It is estimated also that per-capita annual health care expenditures are more than three times greater for diabetics ($9,493) than non-diabetics ($2,604). The first part of the paper examines diabetes and its different types. It shows the importance of continuing medical care and education for diabetic sufferers and the creation of public health programs in ruralareas throughout America. The remainder of the paper reviews the types of evaluation methodologies than may be employed in the evaluation of programs for diabetics operated by rural clinics.
From the Paper "Effective public health management programs for diabetics have been developed. Such programs have been implemented with the greatest success in urban area. While programs are present in rural areas, staffing, resources, support, and use of the programs for diabetics in rural areas, as is true of other public health programs located in rural areas, tends to lag behind the levels of these factors that affect urban programs (Castro, 1996). As a consequence diabetics residing in rural areas may not be receiving optimal levels of treatment, support, and management for their disease conditions. Thus, the importance of evaluating the programs for diabetics operated by rural clinics cannot be over emphasized."
Abstract This paper discusses health care provision in ruralareas of the USA. It provides a comprehensive literature review and presents a multifaceted approach in understanding how the past shaped and evolved into the current state of health care affairs. The author concludes the paper with some recommendations for the future.
Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical Approach
Objectives
Literature Review
Discussion and Implications for Nursing
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper "Primary care in the setting of developed countries such as the United States, especially in rural and underserved areas, still remains a large hurdle for the health care system to clear (Kippenbrock, Stacy & Gilbert-Palmer, 2004). Primary care aims to provide basic health services to patients. Some of these services include patient education, counseling and health maintenance, aside from detection of and treatment of diseases (American Academy of Family Physicians, 2006). One of these services involves primary prevention of diseases (e.g. lung cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, etc.) through screening and regular examinations.
Rural communities are at a distinct disadvantage as far as health care is concerned. As the health care system became increasingly market-oriented, economic growth in this sector grew, in large part due to technological advances in health care provision, an orientation towards more meticulous health care economics management (e.g. managed care) and the diversification of the health care professional work force (Ricketts, 2000). However, these milestones in the evolution of the health care system were founded and dictated by market forces as a result. The rural population comprises only 20% of the total U.S. population. In being more concentrated in more "cost-effective" areas such as cities, large health care provider entities inadvertently exclude less populated rural areas to the detriment of the communities in these areas. This is exemplified by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' 2000 report that discloses 1,182 non-metropolitan areas as Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSA) (Ricketts, 2000)."
This paper discusses the problems of urbanization, industrialization, and housing security in China and India as their populations immigrate from rural to urban areas.
Abstract This paper explains that the spectacular growth and development of the urban habitation over the past 16 years is just the beginning of a gigantic phase of extension. The author points out that China's ecological problems from the speedy urbanization and industrialization process in the recent decades generate social effects, causing a great deal of harm to human health, instigating economic and welfare suffering, and harming the environment in both urban and ruralareas of China. The paper relates that, because of increasing industrialization and urbanization, the majority of the Indian cities have exceedingly compact habitation that results in overcrowding, clogging, obstruction, traffic jams, air pollution, noise pollution, as well as major deficiencies of vital requirements and necessities of life
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on China
Ecological Problems in Urban China
The Problem of Water and Cleanliness in Urban China
The Problem of Clearance of Waste-Water in Urban China
The Problem of Air Pollution in Urban China
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on India Conclusion
From the Paper "The velocity of urbanization and industrialization was extremely slow prior to the late 1970s when contrasted with other developing states. The proportion of urban inhabitants was 11.2 in 1950, and still barely 17.9 by 1978. This low degree of urbanization had been the consequence from purposeful procedures of restraining rural-urban immigration and urban increase. Economic restructurings have since accelerated the industrialization and urbanization procedures. Large numerals of towns, as well as, cities have surfaced, at the same time as old cities are quickly increasing their managerial spheres."
Abstract This paper explains that, in ruralareas, class sizes tend to be smaller than those in urban areas, which allows for more individual attention, and there is generally a closer sense of community life in ruralareas than in large urban areas, which helps bring the community into the learning process. The author points out that one of the most significant perceived problems in rural education is that teacher education and the resulting teaching standard are low because of the generally low teacher salaries in ruralareas. The paper relates that lack of funding and of quality teacher education needs to be addressed through legislation, policy making and financial grants.
Table of Contents:
Advantages of Rural Education
Perceived Problems of Rural Education
Conclusion
From the Paper "Furthermore, rural area schooling also offers opportunities for learning about the environment and how natural resources should be protected and cultivated to ensure future sustainability. This, like community projects, can then be integrated with the learning process in terms of academic areas such as the natural sciences. An example of this is the Prairie Science Program by the Fergus Falls Public Schools through which children integrated academic learning with field and environmental experience."
Abstract This paper discusses how the rising costs as well as the delivery of quality health care in ruralareas have moved to the forefront of many debates. It examines how health care in ruralareas carries its own set of needs, reforms, and problems which include the difficulty in locating and retaining quality professionals, paying them enough to stay, providing up to date equipment and enticing insurance companies to allow them to act as providers. It looks at how providing quality care in the rural health care setting has been an ongoing challenge for those in the medical field as well as the insurance industry and how legislative bills have been passed to try and improve the rural health care plight.
From the Paper "One of the most difficult problems in the delivery of rural health care is the cost of the care. For years insurance companies have primarily focused on the need for affordable premiums and care costs in urban areas(Silbaugh, 1996). The concentration stemmed from the public demand for better care, more affordable care and more accessible care. Naturally the urban areas have a denser population so that the voice of the urban areas is going to be louder and more dense than the rural areas. The old adage "Its the squeaky wheel that gets the oil" held true in the insurance industry and for many years the concentration was focused on the metropolitan cities. While this was seen as a positive for those areas it meant that many of the rural areas were ignored in the health care delivery debates and plans."
Abstract This paper contends that the implications of globalization for India have so far been dire. Lack of foreign investment, high illiteracy rates, and poorly nourished rural populations have exposed a vast underbelly that contradicts the myth of a "developed" India.
From the Paper "The concept of globalization has transcended debate and become something of a stark fact. Today it is more often the implications of globalization that are debated, not the subject of globalization itself. The forces at play in the modern world-mass communications including the Internet free trade and the rise of transnational corporations, popular culture and democratization-have combined to create a global reality that is becoming increasingly pervasive. For nations such as India the effects of globalization are not yet wholly understood. Struggling to define themselves within the new global..."
Tags:india, globalization, global poverty, green revolution, economic liberalization
Abstract This paper discusses how when the idea of welfare reform first took hold a few years ago many states jumped at the chance to implement its practices. It looks at how they hoped that by adopting and implementing welfare reform they could improve the financial situation their current system was in as well as improve the lives of those who were welfare participants. It shows how urban areas faced different challenges than ruralareas when it came to welfare reform and how those challenges sometimes caused the participants to fall through the cracks of the system and be lost. In particular, it discusses one major metropolitan area that has implemented welfare reform policies, Philadelphia. It evaluates how the reforms that were implemented since 1997 in Philadelphia outline several mandates that must be followed or the recipient faces the loss not only of their benefits but the eventual loss of their family's benefits as well. It analyzes whether five years on, these reforms have been effective and the effect they have had on the poverty stricken families in the Philadelphia area.
Outline
Statement of the problem
Definition of terms
Literature Review
Methodology
Data Collection
Future Use of Results
Conclusion
From the Paper "For many years the poverty stricken families in the Philadelphia area turned to welfare for their needs. The lack of housing and jobs and training caused them to become dependant on the system. As children grew up watching the adults model life on the welfare roles the children then applied as soon as they became adults without even trying to establish an independent welfare free life. The multigenerational welfare families were stuck in a vicious circle that seemed difficult to tackle(Welfare, 1997). The welfare reform mandates and guidelines were implemented to cap the number of years a family could remain dependant on the system."
Abstract This paper examines India's culture, looking at the country's location, its religions, the caste system and the Zemindar system. The paper also looks at the customs and myths of India, gender distinctions in the country and other facets of Indian civilization.
Abstract This paper explores satellite internet and its application in ruralareas where traditional Internet connections are not possible. Satellite Internet is made possible in two different ways. A one-way satellite internet connection requires the user to have a phone line so that the request for a data download is made via the copper line and the download is sent using the satellite link up. The second type of connection involves the download request to be sent through the satellite Internet as well as the receiving information. Satellite Internet is becoming increasingly important for rural farmers as it gives them a sustainable competitive advantage. The need to access reliable and real-time agricultural information is critical to decision making and future farming success.
From the Paper "The use of satellite Internet is becoming increasingly important for farmers in remote locations allowing them to access integral information for vital decisions. Recently in the agricultural sector, uptake of such technology has seen a dramatic increase [9]. This paper will firstly discuss satellite Internet and the two types of connections: one-way and two-way connections. The way data is transmitted will be looked at as well as the associated advantages and disadvantages for each method. Then the focus will turn to the benefits these technologies can provide to farmers in rural locations."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that when it was first initiated, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act was intended to make schools accountable for the education of their students. This paper shows, however, that in many school districts, the NCLB Act has had the opposite effect. The first part of this paper looks at the goals and programs mandated by NCLB. The writer then looks at the implications of NCLB for rural school districts. The paper also examines arguments that the NCLB Act will adversely affect the operations of rural schools which have to struggle with budget cuts and a dearth of qualified teachers. It further looks at NCLB's adverse effects on the education of children who are physically - and learning - disabled.
Outline:
No Child Left Behind: An Overview
Demands on School Districts
Issues for Rural School Districts
Children with Disabilities
Alternatives to NCLB
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "One of the key features of the No Child Left Behind Act was to ensure that all students must show proficiency in math and reading by the 2013-2014 academic year. School districts must therefore show a yearly progress report towards this goal. This holds true especially for students of English as a second language and those with learning disabilities. School districts that continuously fail to post higher test scores will face sanctions. Principals and teachers in such "underperforming" schools could be suspended, removed or replaced. The No Child Left Behind Act also makes provisions allowing the state government to take over underperforming schools. Additionally, federal funding could be withheld for underperforming schools.
Abstract This paper examines how there are a lot of barriers to access of health care programs for people who are living with HIV/AIDS such as transportation, finance and caregiving. This paper contends that people in ruralareas need to have this specialized care closer to where they live in order to manage the disease and go on with living.
From the Paper "According to the authors of Barriers to accessing HIV/AIDS care in North Carolina: rural and urban differences, "studies of the etiology of unmet needs among HIV-infected individuals found that most problems were externally controlled such as a lack of available services, HIV-related stigma and discrimination, and long travel distances to services," (Reif, Golin and Smith, 2005). The researchers administered a self-administered survey to every case manager in North Carolina. Some of the questions in the survey were in regards to the area that they serve so they can distinguish between metropolitan areas and non metropolitan areas. Respondents to the survey were asked to respond to several questions including case manager and client characteristics and service barriers that may influence medication adherence. "
Abstract This paper looks at rural-urban migration patterns in Africa. It examines patterns in South Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, West Africa, Nigeria, Zambia and Ghana. The paper looks at the reasons for the migration and its effect on the ruralareas and on the cities.
Abstract The paper explores why poor individuals in ruralareas in the US have great health disparities and have a high incidence of not receiving health care at all. The paper attributes this to limited access to care, language barriers, lack of education on health care and lack of communication technologies. The paper emphasizes that this is a population that primarily does not have health insurance, does not receive Medicare or Medicaid and has no means of receiving emergency room treatment if it were needed. The paper concludes that the only solution at this time appears to be to mandate federal funding for rural health care programs.
From the Paper "The United States government relays that there are an estimated 45 million people in the United States that do not have health insurance (Desoto, Hofer & Tajalli, 2005, p. 67). This is primarily due to the high cost of health care and the continued decline in the number of employers that offer partial or full health care benefits to their workers. Of this population there are the working poor, who do not make a wage that is capable of supporting members of the household and cause those within the family to not be capable of affording health care at all. This is true of individuals in both urban and rural areas (Heirich, 1998, p. 3)."
