Abstract
This paper reviews T. Makabe's oral history addressing Canadian Japanese women who came to Canada as picture brides of the 1920s. According to the paper, several hundred women came to marry settled Japanese men they had never met. The book is discussed in terms of its shortcomings in a sociologist's attempt at history. The paper concludes by stating that as oral history, Makabe has failed to ask questions or interact with her informants as Individuals.

From the Paper
"Tomoko Makabe came to Canada under very different circumstances from the five Canadian Japanese women whose testimony she collected. The author's educational background centered on Sociology and she later published a volume on the Sansei or third-generation Canadian Japanese. The phenomena that Picture Brides describes will not strike a Canadian-born reader as very novel however much it fascinated Makabe in the early 1990s towards her publication of 1995. Various women have arrived in Canada since the 16^th century to marry men they did not know and as continues in some communities, in the present."

Tags:makabe, picture brides, critique

Abstract
This paper critically reviews "Picture Brides" by Tomoko Makabe, a Japanese woman living in Canada, who became fascinated by the fact that women would go overseas to marry men they did not know. The author of this paper feels that, while the book is interesting to read, a person aware of Japan's 19th and 20th century history, and the longer story of the Japanese in North America will find little that is so 'amazing' in the experience of the five women informing Makabe's work.

From the Paper
"Also, the phenomenon to which Makabe gave her attention involved a range of factors to which she seems not to have given ample thought led by the extreme gaps in Japanese social classes in the 19th and 20th centuries. Young women choosing to marry abroad, as ever, were often people with few or no alternative prospects. Makabe seems not to have considered a number of factors of the kind. For instance, a somewhat irritating aspect of Picture Brides is the author's repeated reference to how courageous the picture brides were, in a manner showing that the author has failed to imagine the turn of the 20th century and the courage that all men and women without prospects in Japan, or anywhere else, needed in order to simply survive. Makabe's informants had come to Canada as picture brides in the 1920s, by which time many Japanese women had undertaken the same sorts of journeys, going to join a settled and working man of whom their families were apt to know little or nothing. In addition to traditional family methods of locating spouses, brokers were often involved, a woman taking some risk as ever in terms of how her husband across the world turned out to be but she went abroad with the approval of her family having settled a daughter and sometimes expecting remittance funds.
As an Oral History volume, Picture Brides would be better if the author had managed a shorter introduction on herself and tried for a briefer introduction to 100 years of Japanese in Canada. More weight should have been placed on events in Japan in the later 19th and early 20th centuries that made becoming a picture bride of appeal. For instance, Makabe notes that the women were from village backgrounds and notes how a newly industrializing Japan had few waged opportunities for women that most could not work beyond the home. She seems not to see either that as elsewhere in Asia, marriage was a necessity for poorer families, and that embarking across the world as a picture bride could solve various family problems. Becoming a picture bride was probably more strategic or simply straightforward than courageous or heroic. One gains the impression that the author was fairly sheltered or had not reflected on social reality of the time in either Japan or Canada when beginning research with the assistance of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario."

Tags:Japanese, marriage, Canada

Abstract
The paper relates that the belief that child brides are acceptable still exists today because of the teaching of Muhammad. The paper discusses the problem that in today's society medically we know that it is not healthy for a young girl to marry and have sexual intercourse leading to pregnancy and this knowledge makes the custom of child brides unacceptable. The paper explains that in Muhammad's time, he did not know and the people who followed him did not know the health risks sustained by young girls who become child brides. The paper asserts that this reality doesn't make it morally right, but it does remove blame. The paper asserts that the condemnation of Mohammad must be kept in context with the era in which he lived; he should not be blamed for what he did to Aisha, his 9 year old wife, but he should be blamed for keeping the archaic custom alive as a part of his new found Islam (Kamravam).

From the Paper
"In order to understand the cultural tradition of child brides in the Middle East, the story of Muhammad and his nine year old wife Aisha needs to be discussed. Muhammad lived true to the Arab custom of marrying a child bride right after the girl's first menstrual cycle. The questioning of this Arab tradition has become publicized as Western involvement in the Middle East continues to grow. The effect that marriage and sexual intercourse has on the girl's health mentally, physically and spiritual is at question. Human rights issues are at direct contradiction with the cultural tradition of child brides in the Middle East. The issue of child..."

Tags:child, brides, custom

Abstract
The paper describes how the article "Involvement in Traditional and Electronic Bullying by Adolescents" by Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) examines the relationship between involvement in traditional bullying and participation in electronic bullying among adolescents. The paper looks at how the authors note at the outset of the paper that today's generation of adolescents is the first to have grown up in a society in which access to Internet and cell phone technologies is a common element of daily life. The paper describes how the authors review the psychological literature on traditional bullying, noting the negative associations between bullying and development for not only those who are bullied but also the bullies themselves (555). The paper relates that there is, to date, little research on the relationship between traditional bullying and electronic bullying, and even less on the use of cell phone technologies (e.g., text messaging and picture cell phones) in this bullying (566). The paper explains that this study addresses this gap by examining two research hypotheses: (a) that being a traditional bully and victim will predict being, respectively, an electronic bully and victim; and (b) that adolescents victimized in traditional bullying will become electronic bullies to retaliate against their aggressors (566).

From the Paper
"The article "Involvement in Traditional and Electronic Bullying by Adolescents" by Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) examines the relationship between involvement in traditional bullying and participation in electronic bullying among adolescents. The authors note at the outset of the paper that today's generation of adolescents is the first to have grown up in a society in which access to Internet and cell phone technologies is a common element of daily life. The authors review the psychological literature on traditional bullying, noting the negative associations between bullying and development for not only those who are..."

Tags:paper, psychology, review

Abstract
The paper presents the topic of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and discusses empirical support for its use. The paper explains the PECS system and ways in which it helps.

From the Paper
"The following presents the topic of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). PECS and empirical support for its use are included in the discussion. This is followed by conclusions. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a communication system that is typically used with autistic children. This system helps children or individuals acquire a means of communication that is functional. PECS helps those who have trouble speaking or do not use speech at..."

Tags:Picture Exchange Communication System, PECS

Abstract
This is a completed revision of the original literature review. The revised review is a discursive piece of writing, and sticks closely to the articles and books that relate to the thesis statement.

From the Paper
"Parenting guidelines are particularly beneficial to members of immigrant communities, as these communities face the unenviable task of maintaining old and beloved family traditions while simultaneously borrowing and adapting the methods and practices of the new culture. The Hispanic community in the United States is one such group. Traditionally, Hispanics have based their parenting techniques on the tenets of the Catholic Church and centuries-old traditions (McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce, 1996, p. 435). Consequently, this community, upon arrival in the United States, is..."

Tags:revision, literature, review

Abstract
The New Testament contains many witnesses to Jesus Christ, but the testimonies of John in the Fourth Gospel have been among the most influential in the history of Christian theology. In the more than eighteen centuries since its compilation, the Fourth Gospel has been the source of intense interest on the part of those who would better understand how the followers of Jesus came to believe that he was the true Son of God and how and why Jesus accomplished his mission on earth. This study provides a review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning the gospel of John, including a survey of the academic literature on the subject since 1948, a description of emerging themes and an assessment of how John 6 is situated within the Gospel. A discussion of Chapter 6 within the Book of Signs and the literary structure of John 6 is followed by a structural analysis of John 6 as a general unit and an analysis of John 6:69 in particular. Finally, a discussion of the context of John 6:69 within the Bread of Life Discourse is followed by a grammatical analysis, a colometric presentation and an interpretation of John 6:69 in the concluding chapter.

Outline:
"The Holy One of God" (John 6:69)
A Survey of the Academic Literature since 1948
Emerging Themes
Situating John 6 within the Gospel
Chapter 6 within the Book of Signs
Literary Structure of John 6
Structural Analysis of John 6 as a Unit
Analysis of John 6:69
John 6:69 Context within the Bread of Life Discourse
John 6:69 Grammatical Analysis Colometric Presentation and Interpretation

From the Paper
"Conversely, those who believe in Jesus believe in the one who sent him (12:44). The christological claim of the Fourth Gospel, then, has become so identified with its theological claim that it is no longer possible to speak of Jesus apart from the one who sent him, and it is no longer possible to speak of God apart from the Son whom the Father sent into the world. In a footnote, Matera also notes that, "This establishment of Jesus as Son of God does not mean that he became the Son of God at the Resurrection. Rather, it signifies his messianic enthronement as the Son of God, as the phrase en dynamei ("in power") indicates. Previous to his resurrection, Jesus was, as the Markan Gospel insists, the hidden Messiah. But once raised from the dead, he is enthroned as God's royal Messiah, the Son of God, so that who he was is now apparent."

Tags:christian, theology, themes, assessment, structure, review

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to evaluate what type of impact judicial review has had on Canada's representative democracy by tracing its evolution. Although it is tempting to focus closely on the more controversial and obvious relationship between judicial review and the Charter, this paper will endeavor to highlight the implications of binding adjudication on issues dealing with the distribution of legislative power since 1867.

Tags:judicial, review

Abstract
A film review of the movie "Bataan," and a comparison of its reality with the experiences of E.L. Sledge, in his book "With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa." The paper starts with a critical review of the movie and proceeds to provide the writer's own opinions.

From the Paper
""We'll stay as long as we can stand up." The first man to die in the group thirteen men who are thrown together to defend a dying island, sums up the pervading force in the MGM film "Bataan," released in 1943. With his death, the squad is effectively without a leader, and they plunge into the jungle, determined to hold off the entire Japanese army, so General MacArthur can make his escape from the doomed island.
Starring Robert Taylor, George Murphy, Thomas Mitchell, Lloyd Nolan, Desi Arnaz, Robert Walker, and several others, this film, directed by Tay Garnett, attempts to show the realities of war, while showing American's how her fighting men were strong and brave, down to the last man."

Tags:movie, film, review, war

Abstract
The paper studies the concept of an urbanization of religions that is suggested by Waghorne and Orsi in their critiques on the changing landscape of religion in the contemporary setting; "A Review of the Readings". The paper reviews and critiques their positions on sacred spaces in urban settings, with special reference to the Hindu religion.

From the Paper
"The concept of an "urbanization" of religions - perhaps better described as the mainstreaming or the popularization of same - is offered by Waghorne and Orsi in their critiques on the changing landscape of religion in the contemporary setting. Waghorne proposes that the popularization of religions distorts their significance and does so through examining modern Hinduism, particularly in regions that have thus far not traditionally been associated with the Hindu religious practices. He notes that "a consideration and awareness of the interplay between economic change and new cultural formations on a global scale ought to center studies of institutional forms of modern Hinduism" and thus it is impossible to reduce the study of Hinduism to "an intellectual proposition" that is somehow shut away from the forces of the modern world (Waghorne, 328)."

Tags:sacred, space, review