Abstract The paper discusses the nature of the Japanese tea garden and its focus on art and symbolism. The paper explains the essential role each section of the garden and the buildings built within it, play in the Tea Ceremony. The paper also looks at the type of trees and plants featured in the garden.
From the Paper "The waiting area or yoritsuki is a small building near the gate of the garden used for part of the Japanese purification ritual. Guests wait in this building or area before the beginning of the tea ceremony. While they wait, they are seated on a carpet or bench, where they may partake of cups of hot water, or of the tobacco tray. The tobacco tray holds loose tobacco and two pipes. This is placed in the waiting area, as there is no smoking allowed in the Tea House. (Cheeke)"
Tags: serenity, gardening, tranquility, chashitsu, Zen
Abstract This paper is an analysis of Operation Market which was the plan for the First Allied Airborne Army to capture and hold the crossings over the canals and rivers from Eindhoven to Arnhem inclusive, laying what was referred to as "a carpet of airborne troops" along the 2nd Army's main axis of advance. It details the problems that the Operation faced, why they occured, and how these failures led to the ultimate failure of the operation.
From the paper:
"However, if blame must be assigned, and in historical analysis, it usually must, then "responsibility for Market Garden's failure can be given to planners at strategic and operational levels who seemed hell-bent on carrying out the operation". They accepted extra risks without modification of the plan and forced the British First Airborne Division to accept too many of the risks. Despite having the hardest task, they were assigned lowest priority in the transport allocations."
Tags: airborne, arnhem, bridge, far, garden, ii, market, paratroop, too, war, world
Abstract This paper describes the evolution of Laura, a character in Kathleen Mansfield's short story "The Garden Party". The author points out that Laura is the youngest child of a privileged New Zealand family. The paper relates that, from beginning of the story, Laura exhibits signs of independent thinking and, as the story ends, she faces death immediately after enjoying the excesses of one of her family's parties.
From the Paper "Katherine Mansfield's The Garden Party focuses on a wealthy New Zealand family and their collective narrow, in fact, almost incestuous, view of the world with themselves egotistically placed in the center of events. The family's youngest daughter, Laura, serves as the story's protagonist as she struggles within the confines of the lineage to which she was born; that of a rather cynical family unit which seems oblivious to events outside their specific circle of influence. Laura is immediately portrayed as different from other members of her family, as she interacts comfortably with the help hired to prepare for the pending garden party and, in fact, permits one of the hired hands to determine the location for the party's marquee."
Abstract "The Return of Martin Guerre" documents a strange sixteenth-century court case that has fascinated people ever since. A peasant Martin Guerre abandoned his wife and family and disappeared. Years later a man claiming to be Martin Guerre returned and resumed Martin's life. Later he was accused of being an imposter. On the point of winning his trial the real Martin Guerre appeared. This review analyzes this volume's revelations regarding masculinity, gender and marriage in the sixteenth century.
Abstract The paper discusses the issue of staff training and return on investment. It looks at the relationship of training to a company's goals and objectives and the concept of ROI (return on investment).
From the Paper "There is little doubt that contemporary organizations particularly those that define themselves as learning organizations intent upon enhancing workers' knowledge and skills emphasize training as part of ..."
Abstract Paul Krugman's book, The Return of Depression Economics, examines the economies of seven different countries that produce the majority of the economic output of the world, and how each has been affected by major economic slumps throughout the world. This interesting yet very complicated book offers a tour of the major economic crises which have spread across the world in the 1990s, including those of East Asia, Brazil, Mexico, and Russia. Paul Krugman provides brief accounts of the devaluation of Thailand's baht currency, the "financial doomsday machine" created by hedge funds, and the "liquidity trap" of the Japanese economy. Krugman's light journalistic style is easy to read for the most part and is well-targeted at his intended audience. Many of the nine chapters stand very well on their own as slightly extended versions of what is known in the US as op-ed pieces. For example, the chapter on hedge funds contains as clear an explanation of the operation of such funds as a layman could get anywhere. It also contains a number of brief, enlightening and well-written stories under sub-headings like 'The Legend of George Soros' and 'The Madness of Prime Minister Mahathir', and concludes with 'The Panic of 1998' which outlines the demise of Long Term Capital Management. In other chapters there are equally succinct and fascinating stories concerning Mexico, Argentina, Thailand and so on. Some of these extracts ought to make very useful reading to stimulate discussion on undergraduate macro, international or development economics courses. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the major themes of Krugman's book.
Abstract This paper discusses Thoreau, a rebellious lone farmer who relies on self-sufficiency. It includes excerpts from his book "The Bean Fields" and discusses them. Thoreau did all of the farming on his own and by doing so, he discovered that the Indians had been there before him. It includes economical observations and insights made by Thoreau.
From the Paper "In ?The Bean Fields,? Thoreau talks about the economics of farming. He says that he planted beans in his field, but that Indians used the land before him and the soil doesn?t have the fertilizer and manure needed to grow the crops well any more. He had helped plowing the land, but except for that, he wanted to do all the work himself. He wanted to be self-reliant. This meant that he would not be able to fertilize the land himself."
Tags: bean, fields, Henry, D., Thoreau, farming, economics
Abstract This paper addresses the following question. The 18th century English writer Henry Fielding called the Odyssey "that eating poem." Focusing on specific passages, discuss food as a site of conflict, community, or cultural transaction in the Odyssey.
Tags: LITERATURE / ENGLISH LITERATURE, writer henry fielding
Abstract This paper presents a review and analysis of Norma Fields' 1991 book, "In the Realm of a Dying Emperor", which presents a meditation on Emperor Hirohito's death.
From the Paper The "Realm of a Dying Emperor", by Norma Field, presents a meditation on Hirohito's death in the atmosphere that prevailed in Japan during this death. Within this context the deaths in the Pacific War and the death of the quality of life in daily routines were also examined. The book presents three vignettes: a supermarket owner, a man who lived in Okinawa and fired the national flag, a woman who rejected the state's burial of her husband who had been a member of the Self-Defense Force..."
Tags: in the realm of a dying emperor, norma field
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses "Returning to Dwell in Gardens and Fields I," written by Tao Qian. It describes his work as an elegant and rather autobiographical poem and describes the context in which Qian wrote it. The paper discusses the content of Qian's poetry and the messages that are revealed through it to the contemporary reader.
From the Paper "As Owen expressed it, the mistake might be made, the poem seems to be saying, of mistaking Tao Qian for a farmer, for he may be seen to work at clearing scrub from the edges of his property, but he explains in the poem that he does not compare himself to the farmers, or to the officials known in the cities, so much as he speaks to humanity or understanding persons, of whatever origin, who might sense the reasons for his choice and departure from a town life that others might very much covet. (See Mirror 234) His poem has done as Tao Qian feels he must, in explaining himself. He writes as though knowing his reader will understand, perhaps a person like himself faced with similar realizations, or having made similar choices. The whole idea of true nature is debatable in that the poet argues he belongs where he was in youth whereas other readers will argue that as a self-conscious farmer, able to describe his present life in relation to something else, that Tao Qian is forever differentiated. As Owen points out, Tao Qian stresses the unity of the self and of the chosen role but even these give away his doubleness, the reader learning how to presume nothing from surfaces and wondering "how inner and outer can be brought together, again." (Mirror 79)"
Abstract The following paper discusses one of the many historical attractions in Wilmington, the famous Airlie Gardens. Designed at the beginning of the 1900?s, it encompasses some sixty-seven acres of post-Victorian European style gardens, including ten acres of freshwater lakes. This paper also focuses on the life and works of Minnie Evans, who worked as a gatekeeper in the Airlie Gardens, from 1948 to 1974, painting the scenery in the gardens whenever she had a break. This paper discusses the way in which her drawings of the Airlie Gardens helped her start her career as a well-acclaimed artist.
From the Paper ?A descendent of slaves from Trinidad, Minnie was born in a log cabin in Long Creek, North Carolina on December 1, 1892. She and her mother moved to Wilmington in 1893, and there Minnie was raised by her grandmother. She completed the fifth grade, and then went to work as a sounder, selling oysters and clams door-to-door. Minnie always saw a world invisible to everyone else and throughout her life, even her childhood, her night dreams were filled with visions, and her days filled with sights and voices only she experienced.?
This paper reviews "The Inward Garden: Creating a Place of Beauty and Meaning" by Julie Moir Messervy, which explores the possibilities of creating garden spaces that work on us in an intimate fashion.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, 2005, $ 39.95
Abstract This paper explains Julie Moir Messervy in her book "The Inward Garden: Creating a Place of Beauty and Meaning" defines archetypal landscapes or spaces, which are universally evocative and meaningful, the landscape of "within-ness" or "immersion". The author points out that these gardens may include features such as water, a very large sweep of grass, a very dense growth of bamboo in a thicket or a cave. The paper suggests a very important element in the construction of gardens is the use of walls or sections of fencing to separate different areas of the landscape, to create the background for demonstration of garden art or to hide unsightly views.
From the Paper "They also have a sense of isolation which may prompt guests to spend some time there and think about the unexpected turns of life that they have faced. When one has changed the house in winter, then they normally wait for spring to arrive so that they start on designing the landscapes for the new yards that they have. Yet, this is not an easy task, and landscaping the complete yard, with a lot of nooks and crannies may be a big task. This can be simplified with the use of temporary annuals till one has decided on the correct combination of perennials or shrubs. These can be of warm colors like red and orange and they will provide a bright background to draw attention to the area. If the area is too large, then cool colors like blue or green should be used to make the area appear smaller and more distant."
Abstract This paper begins by defining literacy gardens. It continues to mention already existing gardens and explains, through example, their advantages and functions. It discusses how literacy gardens add the element of verbal learning to nature and science. In conclusion, the author explains how these gardens are effectual in re-enforcing what has been learnt in the classroom in an informal environment.
From the Paper "The Holy Cross School (l"Ecole Sainte Croix) has grown considerably since its founding in 1927. Designed to serve a bilingual community, the Holy Cross School can uniquely benefit from the planting of a literacy garden. Removed from the confines of the classroom's four walls, students can learn new vocabulary words through visual and other sensory stimuli. For example, flower and tree names will be printed in both English and French. Just as a successful literacy garden in Providence, Rhode Island helped Hmong Laotian immigrants learn English, so too will the Holy Cross School's literacy garden help its young students grasp the linguistic concepts they learn through traditional school curriculum. In addition to promoting reading, writing, and communications skills, the literacy garden will have numerous benefits for students and community members."
Abstract This paper examines the historical, social and environmental influences that determined the make up of the Japanese garden and how the traditional Japanese garden translates into the Japanese garden prevalent in the United States today.
From the Paper "The Chinese brought in Confucianism, Buddhism, and Zen. The relationship between nature and human construction became "fused more in the days of mountain Buddhism, during the 9th-12th century." The word Shinto comes "from the Chinese Shentao, which means the mystic rules of nature and/or the path leading to a grave." The Japanese found proper place in the Confucian classics they inherited from China, and their notions of "purity" in the rituals of the indigenous Shinto religion." Shinto, the worship of nature, has influenced how Japanese relate to nature. There is sacredness in everything. This Shinto concept translates to Japanese people not changing the balance of aesthetics, which reinforces proper place ideology.
One of the Ancient Age periods--the Heian, began with the transfer of the capital to Kyoto in 794 and the period lasted till 1185. The Heian period explored creativity beyond the realm of religion. Gardens were in many nobles' homes plus the imperial palace, and they had a certain look, a shinden-style, which the Sakuteiki manual formalized.. During the Heian period the nobles built pleasure gardens, strolling gardens, and architectural monuments such as the Golden Pavillion, Kinkaku, in Rokuon-ji, Kyoto."
Tags: Shinto, Zen, Heian, Muromachi, medieval, Teizoden, botanical
Abstract An extremely close reading of two poems in "Songs of Experience". The essay analyzes "The Garden of Love" and "The Little Vagabond." Read in isolation, "The Little Vagabond" might be interpreted as an indictment of liquor and the ways in which the formidable substance has degraded religious virtue. However, when read in context with ?The Garden of Love,? the poetic dialogue suggests that the Church has both created and nourished this schism of physical and spiritual. Examined as a cohesive pair, "The Garden of Love" and "The Little Vagabond" create a resounding indictment on the evolution of the Church and its effect on future generations.
From the Paper "William Blake's "Songs of Innocence and Experience" depict a dialogue between "contrary states of the soul" which manifest in "shifting tensions" that are designed to reveal the inextricable interplay between the two qualities. (16) Although these two "states" are "contrary" the former characterized by resilient purity, the latter by irreversible bitterness, they interact with one another to produce syntheses in turn beginning a new dialectic. Growth emerging from "strife" generates direction, negating any notion of stagnancy within either contrary. (17) Jaded and melancholic in tone, the Songs of Experience offer a recurring theme of "blighted and embittered children." (17) The discrepancy presented between the mental and physical age of "blighted" children locates the remedy for the disjunction in the child's search to reunite these entities."
