Abstract
This paper explains that the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire, has been plagued with ethnic turmoil and civil war, exacerbated by the massive influx of refugees from Rwanda and Burundi, which has reduced a once prospering country into a state of turmoil. The author points out that there are over 200 African ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo of which the majority of these are Bantu. The paper explains that the U.N.'s Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite of human development indicators, such as longevity, knowledge and education, and economic measurements, is a better system of determining living standards than the GDP alone; Democratic Republic of Congo ranks very near the bottom. Many graphs and charts.

Table of Contents
Democratic Republic of Congo Background
Introduction
Geographic Placement
Ethnic Composition of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Religious Composition of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Colonial History of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Form of Government for the Democratic Republic of Congo
Main Sources of Economic Activity
Structure of the Economy of Democratic Republic of Congo
Economic Background
Nominal and Real GDP Per Capita for the Previous 10 Years, in US$
Nominal and Real GDP Per Capita for the Previous 10 Years, in LCU
Comparison of Two Graphs
Life Expectancy
Adult Literacy Rate
Primary School Enrollment Rate
Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI Formula
HDI Versus GDP
5 Obstacles to Economic Development in the Past 5 Years
Actions that Could be Taken to Overcome These Challenges

From the Paper
"Currently the country is under a dictatorship and is presumably transitioning towards a representative government; however, this has yet to be realized. A 500-member transitional National Assembly, along with a 120-member Senate was installed in July of 2003. These members were drawn from groups that signed the Pretoria Accord in December 2002. Elections were scheduled to be held in June of 2005; however, these are not likely to take place. Instead, it is likely that the transitional government will remain in place until the early part of 2006. President Joseph Kabila heads this transitional government. The transitional government includes an executive president, four vice-presidents, and a cabinet that is drawn from five armed groups, the unarmed political opposition, civil society, and the previous government of Joseph Kabila."

Tags:infrastructure, gdp, hdi, stablity, war

Abstract
This paper examines the Republic of the Congo. It gives a brief overview of the history, geography, resources, economics and population make-up of the Republic of Congo. It also describes how the poverty of the nation has led to significant social and political turmoil in the land. The paper then focuses on the environmental issues that face the nation.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Brief Overview
Population
Geography/Resources/Economy
Environmental Issues
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Congo is experiencing numerous environmental issues. Some of these issues include water pollution caused by the dumping of raw sewage, air pollution, and non-potable tap water. All of these issues are of the utmost concern because of the impact they have on both the people of the Congo and the overall environment. However the most serious environmental issue facing The Republic of Congo is Deforestation."
"This deforestation is occurring in the Congo Basin. According to Tsoumou (2007) the Congo Basin is the second largest rain forest in the world. The Congo Basin is composed of nearly 30 percent of the world's entire vegetation, and it covers an area of 470 million acres (Tsoumou 2007). The Congo basin serves as the habitat for nearly 400 mammal species; this is inclusive of the world's largest populations of lowland chimpanzees, gorillas, and forest elephants (Tsoumou 2007)."

Tags:deforestation, meteorology, agriculture, poverty

Abstract
This paper is a thesis proposal for investigating the failure of international laws in protecting the citizens of the Democratic Republic of Congo from invasion and human rights abuses.

Abstract
This paper looks at the elements of Burundi's economic, political and social history, and realities in order to consider what economic opportunities exist for the country. This information is examined from a dependency theory framework in an attempt to present the information in an organized way. Dependency theory argues that, because of exploitation by outside economies, the economy of the developing country has been negatively affected, hindering growth.

From the Paper
"One of the outside influences on Burundi has been the tendency toward urbanization without an urban economic base to support it. Positive outside influences such as access to electricity, along with clothing, home appliances and efficient tools have been a draw, but in addition urban life brings negatives such as poor housing and even drug trafficking (Clark, 1998). Burundi, like many third world countries today, is experiencing urbanization without the employment and industrial structures to support the people who move to the larger towns and cities."

Tags:internal, turbulence, congo, tanzania, rwanda, urbanization, employment, industrial

Abstract
The paper discusses administrative law in the DRC, the branch of law which provides the definition and regulation of public administrative law. The paper looks at the constitution which is the primary source of administrative law in the DRC and explains the two different types of administrative law; unilateral administrative acts and bilateral administrative acts. The paper also identifies the fundamental principles of DRC law.

Outline:
Introduction
Administrative Law in the DRC
Primary Source of Administrative Law in the DRC
Two Types of Administrative Law
Fundamental Principles of DRC Administrative Law
Retroactive Administrative Law

From the Paper
"The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was known previously as Zaire. This area is situated right on the equator in Central Africa. The Pygmies were the first inhabitants of this area of the world and were individuals that resided on the outer edge of the forest located on the Equator as well as other part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a "nominally centralized republic with a population of approximately 60 million." (U.S. Department of State, 2009) Following two wars, the first from 1996-1997 and the second from 1998 to 2003, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) organized its first elections which is "labeled as 'free, democratic and transparent' after more than 40 years." (Media Sustainability Index, 2006-2007)"

Tags:Constitution, public, services, civil, service, contracts

Abstract
This scope of this dissertation extends to a critical review of past reintroduction efforts, with an emphasis on those involving primates. This includes a discussion of the species' value, as this is debated among scientists and provides a discussion concerning efficacious captive rearing techniques with a focus on what kind of training (via raising, handling, pre and post release training, acclimatization, predator recognition, etc) has been done and how successful each method has been. This paper includes discussions of natural behavior management, the ethics of predator introduction (i.e., is it ethical to put animals under risk of harm in order to increase their ultimate survival in nature). A critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature concerning endangered species conservation efforts in general and regarding gorillas in particular is followed by a recapitulation of the results of observations of six captive gorilla specimens by the author. An analysis of the findings is provided in the concluding chapter.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Conclusions, Summary and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Close contact between animals and keepers at Howletts and Port Lympne Parks in England has resulted in a higher than usual success rate for breeding, including clouded leopards, lions, monkeys, rare small cats, and the world's largest captive breeding groups of gorillas, African elephants, tigers and black rhino. To date, the two Parks have been successful in returning Przewalski's horses, black rhino, Sumatran rhino, Cape buffalo, ocelots, pythons and nine gorillas to the wild (About Us, 2004). Not surprisingly, this conservational success has not gone unnoticed or unappreciated. The BBC has described the Parks as being "two of the best wild animal parks in the world" (About Us, 2004, p. 2). The two Parks are home to 70 of gorillas, which is the largest group of gorillas in human care in the world; the facilities have enjoyed over 80 births of gorillas to date."

Tags:monkeys, extinction, breeding

Abstract
This essay uses Adam Hochschild's book," King Leopold?s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa," in order to explore the role of various people responsible for the mass killings in the Congo in 1979. The author details the conflict, the history of the region, the players, both local and foreign, whose knowledge and decency exposed the massacre and its cover-up by King Leopold.

From the Paper
"Just as Leopold and his aides were involved in the exploitation of the country, there was one man who actively worked towards exposing this tragedy thereby forcing Leopold to give the people of Congo their independence. His name was Edmund D. Morel, a British shipping company clerk who noticed that ships coming from Congo carried valuables like ivory and rubber but those that went back contained nothing but soldiers and arsenal. This made him suspicious and so he resigned from his job to form the Congo Reform Association (CRA), an organization that made the horrors of the Congo region public. Morel used information smuggled out by missionaries such as William Sheppard and George W. Williams, the former being later involved in a libel suited filed against him by Leopold."

Tags:congo, africa, west, portuguese, french, republic, marxist, exploitation, british, clerk, shipping, regions, explore, armies, elephants, killing, ivory, hostage, civilize, knowledge, public, propaganda

Abstract
The paper looks at "The Texas Republic: A Social and Economic History" and explains that when Hogan recognized that Texas historical literature had focused far too much on the political and military aspects of Texas history, he conducted extensive scholarly research into the social and economic history of the state. The paper shows how the content and thematic focus of "The Texas Republic" reflects Hogan's belief that social and economic events had been as important as military and political events in Texas history. The paper reveals that his emphasis on social and economic developments in his book was well received by fellow historians and the reading public, for his book became an instant classic.

From the Paper
"When "The Texas Republic: A Social and Economic History" was published in 1946, the author, William Ransom Hogan, was a professor of history at the University of Oklahoma. Hogan recognized that Texas historical literature had focused far too much on the political and military aspects of Texas history so he conducted extensive scholarly research into the social and economic history of the state. The content and thematic focus of "The Texas..."'

Tags:the, texas, republic

Abstract
This paper explains that, when customers consume a commodity such as an iPod, they often do not realize that not only are they engaging in a relationship with that particular commodity, but they are also becoming intertwined in a series of social, economic and geographical global relationships that are responsible for bringing that product to market. The author points out that the iPod's commodity chain extends from an initial idea in the Silicon Valley, to mining for raw materials such as bauxite and carbon in Guinea and the Republic of Congo, processing plants in Kazakhstan, engineers in India, global high-tech headquarters on nearly every major continent, manufacturers in China, marketing firms in the United States and the end consumer. The paper relates that each and every one of these components has its own commodity chain that begins with conception or a design, production, all the way to the retailing distribution to the consumer

From the Paper
"These relationships can be mapped in reverse from the point of consumption, to a retailer, to a marketing agency, to a supplier, from an exporter/importer, then a producer or manufacturer, and finally, the location of the raw materials of which the consumer product, in this case the iPod, are made of. This sequential chain of functional activity nodes is known as a commodity chain. Identifying a product's commodity chain is critical for maximizing revenues by identifying processes along the commodity chain where operating costs can be reduced and thus, margins increased."

Tags:outsourcing, offshoring, relationship, generator, portalplayer

Abstract
In this article, the writer explores how the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) have been recruiting and using underage soldiers in their battle against the Sri Lankan government, violating obligations under international law. Further, the writer examines how the issue of child recruitment in Sri Lanka can be rectified by international and domestic laws by studying various cases of child recruitment that have taken place in other countries. To examine and analyze the issues of the LTTE's forcible recruitment of underage soldiers to the fullest extent, this paper first explores the historical and social background of the LTTE's battle against the Sri Lankan government. The writer also examines how applicable domestic and international laws make the LTTE's recruitment of child soldiers illegal. By analyzing how the issue of child recruitment has been alleviated in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone, this paper proposes potential solutions to the LTTE's recruitment and use of underage soldiers.

From the Paper
"The LTTE has long been known for recruiting children to take up arms in its 22-year independence struggle against the Sri Lankan government. In the wake of the tsunami, which devastated Tamil majority areas in northern and eastern Sri Lanka, new reports of abductions and missing children have reaffirmed concerns of international human rights organizations of the LTTE's continued recruitment of underage soldiers. Despite the LTTE's pledge in April 2004 that it would release the children in its troops, its child recruitment was reported to have increased in June 2004. In April 2004, the LTTE officially released 269 child soldiers and expressed its willingness to provide formal release letters for over 1,300 other children who went home. Since the start of April 2004, however, UNICEF received 159 reports of children being recruited by the LTTE, mostly in the North of Sri Lanka. The LTTE, according to Amnesty International, has also been re-recruiting child soldiers by force. In May 2004, it was reported that four children who had left the LTTE were taken away from their homes in the middle of the night."

Tags:war, armed, conflict, enemy