Abstract
This paper discusses the hazardous effects of inadequate methods of solid waste disposal on the environment. The paper emphasizes the urgency of the need to deal with this issue, and describes fecal contamination as the major culprit. The writer illustrates how the lack of modern sanitation facilities and adequate health care in certain areas, are the main cause of fecal contamination.

From the Paper
"Fecal waste may contain an undetermined number of bacteria, viruses, and parasites capable of causing disease in humans and animals. Studies have focused on numbers of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci) or enteroviruses in feces and leachates, but have not estimated the total pathogen load or identified the major sources of these pathogens. This may be due to lack of detection methods for many of the pathogens in solid waste or leachate as well as potentially low numbers of viable but non-culturable organisms. Fecal waste is a breeding ground for diseases and even the smallest of contaminations can cause a great deal of problems."

Tags:bacteria, virus, parasites, garbage, recycling, health, hazard, water

Abstract
The paper discusses how waste is a non-avoidable result of high-technology industrialized economies; we live in a consumerist society that encourages us to shop and acquire more things. The paper provides statistics of the waste generated by Canadians in 2000 and looks at how it was dealt with. The paper explores three methods used to deal with waste: landfill, incineration and the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle.

From the Paper
"Waste is a non-avoidable result of high-technology industrialized economies. We live in a consumerist society that encourages us to shop and acquire more things. Hence more things are produced and more waste is generated. In 2000, Canadians generated 1021 kg of non-hazardous waste per capita (Statistics Canada, 2002). 747kg of this waste were disposed of per capita (Statistics Canada, 2002), while the rest was recycled. "Current waste management practices in Canada emphasize techniques and approaches that avoid or minimize the need for waste disposal" (MacLaren, 371). There are three methods used to deal with waste: landfill, incineration and the..."

Tags:waste disposal, incineration, 3rs

Abstract
This paper discusses how the accumulation of waste is an inevitable problem of highly industrialized, consumerist and rich nations, whose economies thrive on producing and creating demand for more products. The paper discusses three methods that are used to deal with waste: landfill, incineration and the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle. The paper explains how all three methods are associated with various environmental and economic costs. The paper points out, however, that the 3Rs method of waste management has the greatest potential for growth and improvement.

From the Paper
"Waste is a non-avoidable result of high-technology industrialized economies. We live in a consumerist society that encourages us to shop and acquire more things. Hence more things are produced and more waste is generated. In 2000, Canadians generated 1021 kg of non-hazardous waste per capita (Statistics Canada, 2002). 747kg of this waste were disposed of per capita (Statistics Canada, 2002), while the rest was recycled. "Current waste management practices in Canada emphasize techniques and approaches that avoid or minimize the need for waste disposal" (MacLaren, 371). There are three methods used to deal with waste: landfill, incineration and the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle."

Tags:products, economy, environment, costs, trash

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the problems and solutions to Canada's garbage and full landfill issues. It looks at the 3 R's of necessary alternatives - reduction of waste at its source, re-usability and recycling. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method of garbage disposal and makes recommendations for integrated waste management in Canada.

From the Paper
"3 R's of necessary alternatives are meant "to divert as much waste as possible from disposal" (Mitchell 377) to reduction of waste at its source, reusability, and recycling. Source reduction refers to eliminating as much waste material as possible at its origin to halt "the flow of garbage into the landfill" (The 4 R's). For the consumer it means "reducing the amount of toxicity" (Mitchell 378) in products brought home (water based instead of oil based paints), and the durability of products that will not need to be thrown out despite their inconvenience (cloth instead of disposable diapers). In industry this could include "more efficient manufacturing techniques that produce less scrap or generate fewer toxic wastes per unit of output" (Mitchell 378). In both areas, especially retail, "packaging makes up about half our garbage by volume, one-third by weight" (The 4 R's). Reusability is simply living the way our great-grandparents did down on the farm: repair, don't replace the chair, the new-fangled radio, wash out jars to store things, and if you have to buy, purchase that which lasts. Quality pays for itself. Recycling is the final option, and ideally the least desirable because it means the first two have not achieved their objectives; however, modern life being what it is, what cannot be reused should be broken down by cardboard, paper, bottles, etc. at home. In industry recycling and reusability are often reversed in their order of precedence as they are in some telephone companies who melt down quantities of scrapped copper filaments and remold them into copper wire. This might be an example of the fourth R, recovering (potential) energy from waste, a practice which was employed during wartime especially in England where railings, gates, every scrap of metal was taken by the War Office and melted down for armaments.

Tags:landfill, greenhouse, regulations

Abstract
The paper explores the severity of the waste management problem in Ontario, specifically in Toronto. The paper examines what diseases and/or viruses are now emerging as a result of their waste management policies and explores the waste disposal alternatives available as the issue of waste management becomes more pressing with the passage of time. The paper is of the opinion that the province of Ontario must begin to pressure citizens and private businesses to focus on diversionary plans for waste and they must start providing citizens and businesses with the resources they need to make these diversionary alternatives a success.

From the Paper
"The relevance of this topic to our own course work can scarcely be exaggerated. For one thing, our focus on the environment has brought home the reality that we must find an adequate way of disposing of our waste or we as Ontarians will be confronted with the degradation of the ecosystem upon which we depend for food and nourishment. More than that, if human beings in the GTA and elsewhere in Canada's most populous province do not find a means of improving their approach to waste disposal, then the health risks to ordinary citizens - not all of whom are polluters or particularly slothful - will grow ever worse. Not least of all, our fragile groundwater reservoirs (a vital component of the hydrological cycle as our October 2 notes clearly reveal) will continue to face contamination - and the sufferings of this generation because of such a development will be met and exceeded by the sufferings of future generations who will be confronted with the grim specter of contaminated water, as well."

Tags:pollution, contamination, disease, landfill, recycling

Abstract
The paper looks at Toronto's current waste disposal problems - with special attention being paid to the city's heavy reliance on landfills. The paper then looks at the challenges and possibilities presented by recycling and how some new technological innovations might be all that is needed to turn things around for the better. The paper devotes time to looking at the potentialities of waste diversion techniques and examines the allure of bio waste recycling and the hope offered by the elimination of plastic wrapping. Finally, the paper delves into the issue of technologically-advanced incinerators and how they might help resolve Toronto's garbage problem. The paper concludes that only time will tell if Toronto's leaders are smart enough to exploit the new technology to the full.

From the Paper
"Quite often, the leaders of Canada's largest city, Toronto, can be heard describing the metropolis as a world-class city, a national leader, and the urban heart of Canada. All of those things may be partly true, but none of them will be completely true until Toronto does something about its garbage disposal problems. Simply put, whatever Toronto is or is not, a growing number of residents feel uncomfortable about the city's garbage disposal methods; as a result, more and more people are arriving at the..."

Tags:incineration, technologies, toronto

From the Paper
I -Waste Disposal and Recycling
1. History
"'What has four wheels and flies?' A garbage truck of course" (Melosi xiii).


Centuries ago, long before anyone even thought of trucking garbage far away from homes and businesses, people used to throw their refuse out the windows into the streets ... hopefully when no one was walking by. Trash thus accumulated till it would reach the top of the upper windows and, soon enough, till it would bury the houses. Archaeologists have cleared thick layers of decomposed and intact garbage and sand to discover entire cities and civilizations heretofore lost under their own garbage. As the field researchers dug and dug deeper, they unearthed six or seven cities, each interred in its own refuse, one city on top..."

From the Paper
"The more developed a country is, the more waste it produces. Waste, therefore, is an excellent standard-of-living indicator. The abundance of waste, however, is also a significant source of pollution, and this has become a major concern of governments all over the world.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) drew up the following categories for waste classification: municipal (mainly household) waste; industrial waste; residue from the production of energy; hospital and agricultural waste, mining spoil and demolition debris; dredge spoil, and sewage sludge--nuclear wastes were regarded separately (3:28). In the industrialized member countries of OECD, where 90 to 100 percent of garbage collection is carried out by municipal authority, people do not seem to worry about what happens to their household ..."

Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts the limitations of each the three ways of dealing with waste: landfill, incineration and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle). In particular, the paper focuses on municipal and non-hazardous waste. The paper critically examines each of these methods and their flaws. The paper argues that the 3Rs are the most sustainable ways of dealing with waste and that, despite the flaws, some of which can be fixed, this is the best long-term solution.

Outline:
Landfill
Incineration
The 3Rs

From the Paper
"Waste disposal presents a big environmental problem that is universal to all nations of the world. Canada is no exception. "In 2000, Canadians generated 1021 kg of non-hazardous waste per capital" Statistics Canada (qtd. in McLaren, 373.) Waste is an increasing problem within our consumerist society, since not only has it brought about adverse environmental impact but it is also becoming increasingly expensive to deal with it and we are producing more despite all our efforts. In Canada for example "non-hazardous waste disposal per capita was 7 per cent higher in 2000 than in 1996" (Mclaren, 373). Gandy states that "many US cities now face a tax burden for their solid waste management which is exceeded only by education and roads" (31)."

Tags:decomposition, carbon, dioxide, dioxins, sustainability, environment

Abstract
The paper argues that landfills, incinerators and the proverbial "three R's" of waste disposal - reduce, recycle, reuse - are of differing merit. Specifically, the paper argues that even poorly-applied "integrated waste disposal" utilizing reduction, re-usage, and recycling is infinitely better than the alternative of simply dumping materials in a landfill or polluting the environment with noxious incinerators. In the end, the apper concludes that Canadians must begin to educate themselves on the need for higher diversion rates away from simple disposal or they run the risk of damaging the fragile ecosystem even more than they have.

From the Paper
'The following paper will argue that landfills, incinerators and the proverbial "three R's" of waste disposal - reduce, recycle, reuse - are of differing merit. Specifically, while the next several pages will indicate the problems with each (problems which are certainly nettlesome) the general argument will be that even poorly-applied "integrated waste disposal" utilizing reduction, re-usage, and recycling is infinitely better than the alternative of simply dumping materials in a landfill or polluting the environment with noxious incinerators. In the end, Canadians..."

Tags:recycling, waste, disposal