Abstract In this paper, the advantages of therapeutic recreation for people with physical disabilities are analyzed. The paper discusses how recent legislation forbidding discrimination against those with disabilities has impacted this field. The legislation has stimulated recreational therapists, specialists and educators alike to take on a more active role in providing a wide range of physical and recreational activities for people who have physical disabilities. These activities typically work to help promote the quality of life among people who have disabilities and improve participation, interaction and understanding among their able bodied peers.
Outline:
Causes and Characteristics of Population - Physically Disabled
Importance of Recreation for Population
Role and Place of Recreation in Life
Overview of Legislation Affecting Disabled
Role and Use of Therapeutic Recreation Specific Recreation Activities to Improve Functioning
Conclusions
From the Paper "A person who has a physical disability may be defined in multiple ways. Henderson (1999) suggests that a disability can be defined "as a physical or mental impairment that restricts one or more aspects of a person's life" (22). This definition is supported by others who suggest that people who are disabled generally are limited with respect to their ability to participate in certain physical and recreation activities; this suggests a need to explore new ways for identifying how to help people who are disabled experience a full range of activities including physical and therapeutic recreational activities (Henderson, 2002; Austin & Crawford, 1996; Smith, Austin & Kennedy, 1996). "
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of the legalization of recreational drugs. According to this paper, the use of recreational drugs has become increasingly popular in the United States and there is no compelling reason to believe that this trend will not continue. The paper examines the arguments in favor of recreational drug legalization versus the arguments against the legalization of recreational drug use. Specifically, the paper considers the costs of enforcing tough laws against the legalization of recreational drugs and weigh this cost against the social and fiscal price society pays as a result of individuals engaging in pernicious behavior brought about at least in part by the abuse of recreational drugs.
Abstract This paper explains that, whereas the Japanese have incorporated the importance of recreation and leisure into their national culture and identity, some Americans feel guilty about recreation and leisure activities because of a residual effect of the Puritan work ethic, which equates having fun with laziness. The author points out, by examining research studies, that recreation and leisure are important to every culture because they contribute positively to the individual, the community and the environment. The paper stresses that American society needs to change its definition of recreation and leisure from being activities that are "squeezed in" during moments of free time to being activities that are made a priority because of their numerous benefits.
Table of Contents:
Individual Benefits
Community Building
Environmental Benefits
Conclusion
From the Paper "Research by Iwaski, et. al. demonstrated that male and female managers in stressful positions who choose to make leisure a priority find that it becomes an invaluable coping tool. While there do appear to be gender differences in the types of activities selected, both men and women expressed that their recreation and leisure activities were critical to their physical and professional survival. And, although children have not yet entered the competitive corporate world, a similar study by Caldwell et.al. found that middle school students who regularly participated in positive recreation and leisure activities found that they became more efficient and better focused, more aware of their community, and perhaps less likely to participate in substance use and abuse."
A discussion of the liability on both sides to persons entering property for recreational purposes with an emphasis on the laws in the state of California.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 3 sources, 2002, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper investigates the topic of liability in respect to how those that enter into properties for recreational purposes can successfully sue the owner and/ or operator of a recreational facility, as well as the laws that protect the owner and/ or operator from litigation. This topic is examined in respect to the state of California and the liability issues held by both the persons using the recreational facility and those that own and operate this facility.
Abstract This paper discusses early mountain recreation in Canada with a focus on the activities on Hollyburn Ridge, British Columbia. It first describes the effects of climate, geography and natural resources on the history and development of recreation in Canada. The paper then argues that the activities of the pioneers of recreational sport run parallel to national historic highlights in the establishment of Canada as a nation and therefore are key in the building of the nation. The paper contains a map and photographs in an appendix.
From the Paper "In conclusion, the scenic beauty and natural wonders of snow covered mountains have long been to people a compelling force. The development of Canadian mountain recreation parallels the development of Canada as a country. This is evident specifically in the areas of economics, the role of immigrants and women, the Canadian Pacific Railway, The Cold War, The Great Depression, and the emerging environmental movement. Participation was a quest for freedom and spiritual renewal. The activities of everyday Canadians from coast to coast who participated in mountain climbs, skiing and cabin building played a role in Canada as it made the complex climb to become a nation."
This paper explores some of the leading theories that attempt to explain why people use recreational chemicals and why they might become addicted to these drugs.
Abstract This paper reviews several factors that help to modify individual's substance-use pattern including the physical reinforcement value of the drugs being abused, the social reinforcement value, cultural rules that govern recreational chemical use and the individuals life goals. The author points out that the medical or disease model of addiction plays an important role in the treatment of substance abuse. The paper relates that most recently, drawing on medicine's growing understanding of human genetics, scientists have attempted to identify the genetic basis for alcoholism and the other forms of drug addiction.
Table of Contents:
Factors That Influence Recreational Drug Use
The Process of Becoming a Drug Abuser
Biological/Physiological Theories of Substance Abuse
The Medical Model of Drug Addiction
The Biological Differences Theories
The Physical Reward Potential
Sociological/Cultural Theories of Substance Abuse
The Social Learning Components of Drug Use
Cultural/Social Influences on Chemical Use Patterns
Relationship between Different Social Groups and the Parent Culture
Social Feedback Mechanisms and Drug Use
Personality/ Individual Theories of Substance Abuse
Individual Expectations as a Component of Drug Use
Individuals' Life Goals as Helping to Shape Chemical Use
The Chemical Use of Decision-Making Process
The Personality Predisposition Theories of Substance Abuse
Ego State and Drug of Choice
Conclusion
From the Paper "In support of the psychoanalytic model of addictions, an impressive body of evidence suggests that certain personality traits do seem to predispose the individual to specific forms of drug abuse. When forces conspired to limit the amount and quality of heroin available in Australia's capital territory, heroin addicts did not appear to switch their drug of choice in large numbers, suggesting that the particular drug played a specific role in their lives that could not be fulfilled by other chemicals. ... found that heroin-dependent people demonstrated higher scores for the traits of novelty-seeking and self-directedness on the Cloninger TCI personality test than did alcohol-dependent people..."
Tags:recreational, scores, withdrawal, alcoholism, medical
Abstract This paper takes a look at the recreation and leisure service agency, focusing primarily on local Park and Recreation Services throughout the United States, namely the YMCA. According to the paper, the YMCA is comprised of 2,617 non-profit community service organizations in the United States.
Outline:
Introduction
Organizational Structure
National Board
Regions/Chapters/States
YMCA - Collaboration with Other Organizations in Community
Other Services Provided by YMCA
YMCA Economic Model
From the Paper "AYP is stated to be the professional society for YMCA staff members in the Unites States. The Operating Principles of the AYP are stated to be those as follows (1) Connects and Supports AYP members; (2) Encourages Life Long Learning; (3) Enhances Personal and Career Development; (4) Advocates on Issues of Concern to AYP Members; (5) Promotes High Ethical Standards and Christian Values; and (6) Recognizes Individual Achievement and Excellence." (AYP, 2007)"
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses various types of funding that are crucial to operating recreation and leisure agencies. The first section of this work is a reflection on fund raising requirements for children participating in extracurricular activities. Secondly, this essay discusses a leisure agency and describes the income courses of the agency. A revenue structure graph is included with the details behind the funding sources.
Outline:
Objective
Fund raising - Reflection on Requirements of Fundraising for Participation
Oregon State Park and Recreation Master Plan
From the Paper "Fundraising has traditionally been a part of children's participation in extracurricular activities such as youth sports. In fact, there has never been a question of whether fundraising would take place or not as it is simply a given or assumed as part of the youth sports participation process. Fundraising may be in the form of selling candy bars, calendars, or raffle tickets. Fundraising may also take the form of bake sales, marathon runs with sponsors and even sponsored bike rides with the sponsor paying the participant per mile that recorded covered on the bicycle during the ride. Fundraising is an inherent part of youth sports and other extracurricular activities and has been for a very long time. Fundraising takes place for reasons that are clearly good reasons. First, participation in extracurricular activities or youth sports requires that each child have a uniform, shoes, safety-gear, and other various items that are required for same and healthy participation in the youth sport or activity. Many children come from families that have several more children who also participate in youth sports or extracurricular activities."
Abstract This paper discusses five drugs (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, morphine and heroin) commonly used for recreation and examines their medical effects. The writer describes each drug, its legal status and illustrates its uses as medical agents. The paper explains that the complex interaction of social acceptance, proven benefits as a medical agent, and potential side effects (including addiction) all played an important role in determining if a specific drug is used as a medical agent in today's health care system.
From the Paper "Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, morphine and heroin have all been used extensively as medical agents. All five drugs have also been used extensively for recreational purposes. As a result of their known adverse effects, marijuana, cocaine, morphine and heroin were all made illegal. However, alcohol remains legal. There is a resurgence of interest in the medical effects of marijuana, cocaine and morphine."
Abstract This paper discusses how the impact of tourism upon local ecosystems has only become a matter of significance in recent decades as the environmental movement has gained traction. The paper takes a look at one of the more ambitious tourism projects in Ontario history, Canada Wonderland, and examines the way in which it redefined and impacted the local environment and or ecosystem into which it was thrust. Specifically, the paper attempts to determine the impact of Canada's Wonderland upon the local species of wildlife and what the arrival of the park meant for the local wilderness in terms of trees removed and acres cleared.
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the gradual decline in activity within the college community sets the stage for a lifetime of negative lifestyle factors that contribute to the onset of obesity as well as diseases such as diabetes, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The writer conducts research among students in order to determine if a correlation exists between the following independent variables: motivation factors, nutrition factors, fitness background, lifestyle factors, and student recreation center (SRC) attendance. The writer concludes that in contrast to previous research, the results show that lifestyle factors, namely smoking and hours of sleep per night, are not prominent in relation to how often the students attended the SRC.
From the Paper "In an effort to eliminate this problem, the Healthy People 2010 initiative includes goals that attempt to eliminate many of the sedentary lifestyle factors that lead to a decreased health status - namely obesity. Unfortunately, these goals completely overlook the college population and are only directed at adults already in the workforce and grade school children; perhaps too young to fully grasp the concept. In another effort to combat lifestyle factors, the Phat Exercise approach, is attempting to implement various methods that will function to boost intrinsic motivation in an effort to increase activity within the college population. The researcher's state four psychological concepts: vision, mastery, flow, and energy, all of which are aimed at helping individuals increase their level of activity enjoyment and thereby increase exercise frequency."
Abstract This paper discusses capital budgeting within the recreation industry. It discusses the areas that businesses need to focus on in order to be competitive, such as corporate culture, product mix, prices, promotion strategy and the place where the company competes. The paper presents City Point Club as an example to describe strategic investment decisions and capital budgeting.
From the Paper "In order to compete in the tightening market for almost every industry, each big and (even at a greater degree) small company must constantly improve the business mix of the company, corporate culture, product mix, prices, promotion strategy, place where it competes and the other essential attributes. In order to fulfill these tasks, the management must constantly have sufficient resources to be able to single out promising innovative investment ideas, implement them and then receive the rewards of the profits . The management must always be at least two steps ahead of the competition and of the tastes and perceptions of the customers in order to be able to satisfy the changed demand of the sophisticated clientele when the tastes shift."
Abstract The paper discusses a company's proposed recreational program for employees outside the regular work arena. The paper addresses the business, organizational and technological aspects of this program and outlines the benefits of this program for both the employees and the company.
From the Paper "It has been proposed that the company establish a recreational program for participation by employees who wish to enjoy each other's companionship outside the regular work arena. In order to facilitate such a recreational program, it has also been suggested that the program be tied to an effort to ensure that the participating employees benefit from the program with improved health and fitness.
"Establishing a program like the one being proposed has a lot of upside potential to it, but also provides for pitfalls if the administration is handled in a lackluster manner. The three areas to bear in mind regarding the implementation of this program are the business, organizational and technological aspects that all must be addressed before such a program bears fruit."
Abstract This paper investigates the difference between competitive and recreational athletes' goal orientations. As anticipated, it shows how individuals in competitive sporting programs have a higher ego orientation than individuals in recreational programs. This result is discussed in terms of the positive health benifits for Australians.
From the Paper "White and Duda (1994) found that athletes who competed at the highest level were higher in ego orientation than those who were involved in recreational sport. They also found that competitive levels had no significant effect on task orientation. This ego orientation link to competitive involvement is supported by a study by Gernigon and Le Bars (2000) which examined goal orientation and different levels of martial arts. Because of the unique nature of the sports studied (Judo and Aikido) in this research, unclear implications for task orientation and competitive level have been produced. These sports involve striving for mastery in getting different grades or belts, and competition with others, through bouts where beating an opponent is paramount."
Abstract This paper discusses whether crack and cocaine are "proletariat hunger killers," meaning the drugs are used by the public as a necessary food source, or "genussmittels," or whether they are recreational drugs, free of any valuable sustenance. The author points out that there is a close connection between cocaine and crack use and crime, which more directly reflects the proletariat hunger-killer analogy than the genussmittels terminology, although recreational cocaine users become addicted, and the drug may replace their hunger, but this is from the biological nature of the drug. The paper states that policy should focus, first, on the proletariat hunger-killer model to stop drug use in its most harmful beginning.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Drugs
The Effects
Impact and Analysis
From the Paper "In the end, that is why the proletariat hunger killers model is more useful: More people in crime-infested areas are affected by cocaine and crack as life substitutes. They lose interest in all else, whether family, job or friends, and they focus only on the drug. In fact, they care not about the recreational aspect, as per the genussmittels model either: The highs garnered from the drug take a backseat to the fuel the drugs act as for the livelihood of the users."
