Abstract The paper discusses TV ratings that attempt to provide guidance for parents regarding the content of the programs their children are watching, as well as gives viewers an idea of the maturity of the program content. The paper comments that the efficacy of these ratings remains in question because of the subjective and arbitrary nature of the way information is portrayed, and suggests that, instead, parents must establish a free and direct discourse with their children about what they are watching. The paper concludes that TV ratings must not merely be revised, but rather they must be abandoned at an industry and government level and, instead, the real ratingsystem must be enforced from household to household.
Outline:
Introduction
Questions of Efficacy of Ratings What Shows are Targeted?
Prime Time
Sports
News
Parents
Many Want to Decide Content of Child's Broadcasting on their Own
Prefer Talking with Kids than Relying on Ratings Make Sure That There is no Television in Children's Bedrooms
See That Their Children Mature at Different Rates Fears of Censorship and Legal Issues on a National Scale
Confusion Over Standards
Better Ways of Monitoring Content than Ratings New Media
Why Television RatingSystem Different Than Movie Ratings Difficulty of Surveillance of TV and New Media
Internet
More Cable Stations
Conclusion
Dialogue not Regulation is the Answer.
No More Ratings--Conduct Ratings from Family to Family, Within the Home
From the Paper "The subjective and arbitrary nature of the way information is disseminated about rating may be why "one New York mother thought only ABC carried ratings. Several parents thought the Government was applying them," and another said she did not see or understand the rating system until her ten-year-old explained it to her! While parents who worked away from home and left their children unsupervised for long periods of time said they liked the system, they were unclear about how to enforce it, it seemed to make them 'feel' good rather than spur them to proactive action."
Tags: confusing, media, environment, monitor, prime, timerating, systems
Abstract This paper discusses the two types of exchange ratesystems used in the world today - the fixed ratesystem and the flexible ratesystem. It discusses the differences between the two systems and their advantages and disadvantages. The paper then looks at the current problems in China using a fixed (pegged) exchange ratesystem. The paper ends with the writer's opinion on the subject.
Table of Contents:
Advantages of a Fixed Exchange Rate Advantage of a Floating Exchange Rate Current Problem with China
My Opinion
From the Paper "The foreign exchange market is the largest market in the world, it is the market "in which individuals, firms, and banks buy and sell for any currency" (Salvatore). Since each country has its own currency, an exchange rate system is needed. An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. The two types of exchange rate systems used in the world are the fixed rate system and the flexible rate system. Both systems have their pros and cons, and both are used in the world today."
Abstract This paper discusses the history of the Movie Picture Association of America's (MPAA) ratingsystem, how it originally began, the reasons for its introduction, and how movies are rated. The paper first describes the board that rates the films and the requirements one must meet to be on the board. Among the points mentioned, is the inherent conservatism in the MPAA board. The paper then defines what each of the ratings signify and what determines how a film will be rated. The paper then discusses specific examples of films in history being re-edited to attain a more socially acceptable rating, making the film more marketable.
From the Paper "The requirements to be a member of the board are very specific that members be parents. This points to a conservatism inherent in the system. The assumption being that those people who are not parents would have no ability to judge the suitability of viewing material for children. It seems unrealistic to assume that any responsible adult wouldn't be capable of performing this function. Further if board members are to be possessed of an "intelligent maturity", one would think them capable of protecting children from inappropriate material, yet the first requirement is a "shared parenthood experience". It could be argued that while the members of the ratings board are shielded from industry pressure they are no protected from public derision and social pressure. In fact these pressures can be even more forceful."
Abstract This research proposal identifies the known problems with the ratingsystems and proposes a study that would help determine if the Q-Score reports are misrepresenting the American television viewing public. In this article, the writer discusses whether Marketing Evaluations'
Q-Scores for television ratings accurately represent the television viewing habits of all Americans, including minority groups, or whether the limited population samples and data analysis methods are skewed in such a way that minority populations are underrepresented in ratings and the media. The writer claims that this is an important study because of the integral role that television and the media play in the lives of all Americans, and as a part of American society overall. The writer concludes that if there is a misrepresentation of minority groups in the current Q-ratings reports, this must be identified and this information made available to the public so that all members of society can make an informed decision regarding media-related activities, such as advertising, that are affected by the quality of television ratings reports.
Outline:
Abstract
Purpose and Rationale
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Limitations
Works Cited
From the Paper "If a small-scale study finds a significant problem, other researchers will be interested in doing further analysis on this issue. Also, the public may simply be made aware of the issue, therefore considering these questions when taking stock in ratings reports. It is known that the television media industry and their advertisers depends on ratings reports to make decisions regarding programming and product placement. It is also well documented that minority groups have been significantly underrepresented in the Nielsen ratings, the country's leading marketing provider of television ratings, as will be illustrated by the following literature review. What is not known is whether the Q Rating system, which collected data in different ways than the Nielsen ratings, also has a problem in properly representing minority groups and providing accurate data on the television viewing habits of the American public."
Abstract This paper discusses the criteria of ratings that are being practiced by different agencies regarding movies, TV programs and other media. The paper analyzes that there is no foolproof system in place to judge the contents, however, it there are some voluntary ratings being carried out.
Abstract A paper about the problems with the MPAA, The Motion Picture Association of America and their ratingsystem. The author describes what the MPAA is, their role, and strategies for rating, revealing their inconsistencies and inherent biasness in certain aspects.
From the Paper "We finally reach a point where we have to ask if the MPAA is doing a "good" job. I have found that the MPAA often has the right idea, but seems to continuously fall short when rating movies. By falling short, I mean that there are constant inconsistencies in film ratings dealing with moral aspects (homosexual content, violence, etc.) These problems need to be further addressed and solutions,such as the ones mentioned above, need to be considered. The effectiveness of ratings also needs to be addressed. As is, ratings are not as effective as one might hope they would be. Evidence has proven this by showing lack of consistency, bias, confusion, etc. Rating films is not a "bad" idea, but their current state is not really working. The MPAA needs to focus more on just explaining what is in the films instead of over-rating them to the point of forcing film makers to edit their creativity."
Abstract This paper provides a brief overview of some audience ratingssystems and the integral part an audience plays in the creative process for entertainers and the marketing techniques of advertisers.
Introduction
Overview of Audience RatingsSystems Other Types of Audience Research
It Takes Two to Tango in the Theater
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Advertisers and marketing specialists are constantly seeking the Holy Grail of Sales: what will compel the average consumer to purchase a particular product or service, or to watch a television show or attend a movie. The question of what motivates a consumer to buy challenges the imagination and ingenuity of every type of industry which has an audience and presses research specialists forward into new fields of investigation. "Motivational research, for example, attempts to probe the unconscious impulses that motivate buying decisions; advertising agencies then utilize these findings to influence the consumer and to attempt to break down sales resistance.""
Abstract This paper describes a new ratingsystem for the movies in comparison with reviews and ratings given by the recognized film critics about the film "Stir Of Echoes". The film has been reviewed by the San Diego Union-Tribune film critic, David Elliott, whose review has been compared in this paper as well.
Abstract The author of the paper examines the effect of systemic racism on poverty amongst the non-white population of the United States and in particular, African Americans. The writer contends that systemic racism includes racist social practices, unjustly gained economic and political power of whites, and unjust impoverishment of different ethnic groups created by historical oppression and embedded into institutions such as government, media, and schools. The writer of the paper then examines those aspects of modern society that, in his opinion, contribute to systemic racism and higher poverty rates amongst minority groups.
From the Paper "Additionally, the relevance of addressing poverty and its causative factors is something that is better understood when considering it in light of the fact that the prevalence of poverty. Within areas containing low-income housing, it is typical for that area to have an increase in economic decline, higher infant mortality rates, and increased crime rates. The urgent problem of black poverty is primarily due to the distribution of wealth, power, and income influenced by the racial caste system (West). Furthermore, considering that these implications are typical in the case of poverty not being addressed and countered, it is quite evident that poverty is not only maintained but also reproduced. Due to weak social safety net, reforms against poverty have yet to show its effectiveness. From the early 1970s to the early 1990s, unemployment rates were high, growth in real median earnings was slow, and wages and access to employer provided health insurance and pensions fell for workers on average (Danziger). Although there was a war on poverty beginning within the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, the Reagan Administration was very detrimental to reforms put in place to combat poverty. By the mid-1990s, the U.S. had rejected the idea of fighting poverty by raising the incomes of the nonworking poor, but it has not adopted an alternative policy to provide employment to those who seek work but cannot find jobs (Danzinger). Due to a weak social safety net, it seems as if there is no plan to help low-income workers. By understanding systemic racism, one of the key components is the rationalization of racial oppression. Individuals in power who see those in poverty, the thought is that most poverty-stricken individuals lack motivation to work and give birth to more children in order to receive larger welfare checks. It seems that individuals in power do nothing about poverty issues because the rationalization is that poverty individuals put themselves in that position. By understanding systemic racism, one can see patterns and trends within mainstream society and how it inhibits social progression. This thought process allows individuals in power to view these needy individuals as inferior, therefore keeping them from integrating into middle class. The current social safety net is put in place to maintain current conditions rather than push for reform."
History & evolution of Bretton Woods fixed-rate & floating exchange ratesystems since 1944. Looing at its purposes, effectiveness, impact on currencies & trade and inflation.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, 1999, $ 55.95
From the Paper "EVOLUTION OF THE BRETTON WOODS EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM & THE FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM
This research examines the evolution of the Bretton Woods exchange rate system (a fixed-rate system) and the floating exchange rate system. Advantages and disadvantages of each system type are discussed, along with a brief review of approaches to exchange risk hedging under the floating rate system, and an assessment of the possibility of returning to a fixed-rate system.
The onset of the economic depression in 1930 caused most major countries to abandon the gold standard by 1933. In 1934, however, the United States adopted the gold exchange standard, and set the gold/dollar exchange rate at one ounce/$35.
Under the gold standard prevailing prior to the beginning of.."
An analysis of the major causes of the decline in the Argentinean economy, focusing on the fixed exchange ratesystem of the country which seems to be the major cause of the problem, forming unrealistic expectations.
Abstract The following paper examines the economic strategies adopted by the past Argentinian governments and the loop holes in their economic plans that led to such an economic disaster. This essay also examines the impact of the fixed exchange rate strategy adopted by the government of Argentina over the past few years.The writer uses some quantitative approaches to analyze the economic slowdown in Argentina and how it has affected the market conditions and what impact it has made on the standard of livings of a common man.
From the Paper "Due to the unrealistic economic policies and unwise decisions made by the government, the Argentinean economy is going through the worst times of its history. The general public is holding the government responsible for the worsening economic crises that have led to high rate of unemployment and decline in trade activities. The current economic crises are believed to be the worst economic decline since the economic crisis of the 1980s. The credit ratings agencies and several other economic forecasters have warned that Argentina is currently facing a threat of getting defaulted on its $132bn of debt. Due to the economic slowdown and the political unrest, created by the economic crisis, it is much likely that the government of Argentina will not be able to arrange the short term repayments for its debts."
Abstract The Bretton Woods system of international monetary management was set up after World War II and established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states. This paper attempts to analyse to which political considerations precipitated the inception and then the eventual collapse of the Bretton Woods system.
From the Paper "Through loans and the Marshall Plan, money flowed into Europe; tariffs on American imports were put in place as a temporary measure to help in reconstruction. As a result, Europe was able to increase productivity and create a regional bloc that discriminated in favour of each other and against the United States. The extension of credit through loans and aid resulted in a deficit in the balance of payments in the United States, which was seen as necessary at the time 'if other countries, and especially those of Europe, were to build their reserves at the rate they did. The United States and the whole free world economy benefited by this' (Diebold, 1960:6). The end of the 1950s saw the end of exchange controls in Europe. "
Tags: bank, consensus, economy, exchange, imf, post, rate, stability, war, world
Abstract The following paper discusses the balance of payments in the International Monetary System and examines how countries raise needed capital for development and infrastructure projects. In addition the future and factors of global investment, both public and private are discussed.
From the Paper \"The IMF was given the responsibility to promote the growth of world trade by setting rules for the maintenance of fixed exchange rates and by making loans to countries that were experiencing balance of payments difficulties. (Balance of payments is a bookkeeping system for recording all payments that have a direct bearing on the movement of funds between a nation, both private and government sectors, and foreign countries.) As part of its role of monitoring the compliance of member countries with the rules, the IMF also took on the job of collecting and standardizing international economic data, managing the world monetary system and facilitate international payments. Under the system, exchange rates were supposed to change only when a country was experiencing large persistent deficits or surpluses in its balance of payments.\"
Abstract This paper takes a look at the U.S. Federal Reserve, the country's Central Bank that performs several key roles in the functioning of the economy. According to the paper, some of the functions of the Federal Reserve are conducting the country's monetary policy, supervision and regulation of its banking system, and issuance of the national currency.
Outline:
Key Roles of the Federal Reserve and its Structure
How the Federal Reserve Implements the Monetary Policy
Impact of Fed's Actions During the Last 20 Years
Assessment of the Efficacy of the Fed's Actions
Appropriate Actions for the Fed in 2006
From the Paper "The Fed structure consists of seven members of the Board of Governors, a Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), twelve regional Federal Reserve District Banks, and their member banks. At the top of the structure is the Board of Governors, appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Board is headed by its Chairman, who is also appointed by the President from among the 7 Governors. The FOMC consists of the seven members of the Board of Governors and five representatives selected from the Federal Reserve Banks. The twelve, privately-owned regional Federal Reserve Banks are located in major cities throughout the country; each Bank covering a designated "District." At the base of the Fed structure are the member commercial banks, which consist of all federally chartered banks. (Johannes, 2006)"
