This paper presents the history of the RailroadStation of Belmar, New Jersey, situated on the New Jersey Peninsula, as a potential site for preservation.
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Abstract This paper explains that the value of historic structures in this area is lucrative in terms of investment of any type and secure in terms of return-investment through return business in the form of tourists. The author stresses that the borough of Belmar and the surrounding and outlying areas are rich in the areas of science, military, government, social history, and architectural history. The paper concludes that, due to the small area of land that composes the borough of Belmar, the age of the building that constitutes the Belmar Railway Station, the location of the station, the going price of real estate in the area of Belmar on the Jersey Coast, and the immeasurable historical value of the station, any expenditures toward the preservation of the architectural structure of the nearly 100-year old station is a sound investment and should be strongly considered as a place of designation for historic structure grants. Many illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Objective
A Town of Many Names
The History of Belmar Belmar: The Beginning
Significance of Historical Value of Train Station in Belmar Belmar: Unique in many Areas of Development
The Train Station in Belmar Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The Jersey Shoreline is home of the boardwalk with something for everyone from fishing to swimming as well as being inclusive of Victorian walking tours and many other delights as sandcastle contests, waterfront promenades, chowder festivals, band concerts, and countless other tourist delights. There are paddleboat cruises along the Jersey shoreline and Belmar is the host of the annual New Jersey Seafood Festival that takes place each summer, which draws a crowd of tourists in the form of both families as well as college-aged individuals. Belmar's beaches are wide and Belmer is one of the main charter-fishing industries in the area being located on Shark River."
Abstract This paper explains that, although the use of slavery became a legal system in the United States, there were still many free Americans who were against slavery and often assisted people of African descent attempting to escape their life of slavery. The author relates that the Underground Railroad was a name given to a system that, despite the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, was ran by a vast network of people, mostly abolitionists, which helped runaway slaves escape to the northern states and eventually to Canada. The paper questions if the Brooklyn house said to be owned by Harriet Truesdell, a supporter of the Underground Railway and believed to have been one of the possible 'stations' of the Underground Railroad network should be preserved.
Table of Contents:
History of Slavery in the United States
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
The Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad in Brooklyn
From the Paper "Although it was claimed that the Underground Railroad has numerous stations and stretched to several states from the south to the northern states and while it is clear that New York has a role in the movement, it is still not clear as to whether or not Brooklyn was one of the areas that the Underground Railroad used during its movement. It might be possible that there were houses in Brooklyn that were used as 'stations' for fugitive slaves but there are no clear evidences that would prove this. This might be a result of the different methods that the movement was using to keep their actions undetected."
Abstract This paper examines how the coming of the railroads changed the Industrial Revolution as it allowed the Industrial Revolution to maintain its momentum, and how railroads changed because of the Industrial Revolution.
From the Paper "The onset of the Industrial Revolution predated the emergence of the railroad by more than years. Even so the railroad did as much to enable the Industrial Revolution to maintain its momentum as any other single innovation of the ..."
Abstract This research examines the role of railroads in the economic development of southern Brazil from 1875-1930. For purposes of this research, southern Brazil is defined as the five southernmost states in the country, which are S"o Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paran", Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul.
From the Paper "The Role of Railroads in The Economic Development of Southern Brazil
Introduction
This research examines the role of railroads in the economic development of southern Brazil from 1875-1930. For purposes of this research, southern Brazil is defined as the five southernmost states in the country, which are S"o Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paran", Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. A map of Brazil with these five states identified may be found below on this page.
MAP OF BRAZIL
Economic Growth and Development
Economic growth is defined in positive terms as the rate of..."
Abstract During the Civil War, railroads, which previously satisfied the demand for cheap industrial and agricultural movement, became increasingly helpful in mass transportation of troops and goods. The paper shows how railroads shaped the outcome of the Civil War and subsequently decided the fate of the nation by unifying the states after the war.
Paper Outline:
I. Introduction
II. Intended usage for the railroads during construction
A. Industrial revolution and the beginnings of the railroads B. Northern reasons for building the railroad: race between companies to connect most cities
C. Southern reasons for building the railroad: movement of cotton D. Rising demand for cheap, mass movement of troops and goods III. How railroads aided the war effort
A. Helped divide country into different economical groups by geographical placement
B. Physical attack: ram into enemy positions, trains, etc.
C. Movement of troops to battle sites
D. Communication service when telegraph lines were cut
IV. Aftermath of railroad involvement in the war
A. Railroad contributions to the science of war- mass transportation B. Abolish slavery- constitutional amendment, states united
C. Preservation of the Union- Physically bound union together
D. Deterred foreign countries from attacking the US
V. Conclusion
From the Paper "After filling the demand for efficient land travel in the different sections of the US, the railroads hit their peak usage and importance during the Civil War. Before and during the war, railroads drew the economic lines of the war. By 1861, America had grown apart both politically and economically (Industrial). The South used rails for movement of cotton, while the North concentrated on industrial advances. The railroads helped the different businesses excel, furthering sectionalism by dividing the country into its profiting businesses. The railroads divided the nation into regions of political unity and economic ties (Ward 134). The Southern people were leaning more towards democratic ideals, while the North believed in more republican politics. The South was angry because they believed that the North was oppressing them. The South did not like the importation and exportation taxes of the North because they benefited little from the money. The South also believed that the Northern states were unconstitutionally treating the South by taking away the states? rights to have slavery."
Abstract This paper outlines the history of Pennsylvania Station and its demolition in the 1960s. The paper describes the new Moynihan/Penn Station project design that will include housing, shopping, entertainment, the train station and office buildings and discusses who used Penn Station in the past and who will use it in the future. The paper also looks at whether Penn Station succeeded or failed and compares Grand Central Terminal to Penn Station. Finally, the paper describes the planned reconstruction of Penn Station.
Outline:
History
Goals of the Project
Who uses Penn Station (Comparing Past, Present and Future)
Did Penn Station Succeed or Fail?
Comparing Grand Central Station and Penn Station Re-imagining Penn Station
From the Paper "The present Madison Square Gardens/Pennsylvania Station that we see on the East side of Manhattan at 8th Avenue and 31st Street is not the first building built on that location. Until 1910, the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) only went as far as New Jersey. Passengers had to disembark on the west side of the Hudson and find a way into Manhattan if they wanted to continue into the City. In 1901 the PRR president, Alexander Cassatt, decided to build a tunnel under the Hudson River from New Jersey and construct a beautiful Beaux Arts-style terminal designed by McKim, Mead, and White. Named for the Pennsylvania Railroad, the structure called Pennsylvania Station, when it was finished in 1916, was considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world."
Abstract This paper discusses how the transcontinental railroad was a monumental achievement that closed the frontier and provided cross-country access for the first time in the United States. It forever changed the face of the American nation and economy. The paper begins by looking at the importance of the railroad and how the construction of the Pacific railroad in particular effected the life of early settlers. Financing of the railroad is also discussed, as well as a profile of the men who built it.
I. Introduction
II. The Importance of the Transcontinental Railroad III. The Construction of the Pacific Railroad IV. Financing the Railroad V. Profiles of the Builders
VI. Summary
From the Paper "By the 1860s, the northern and eastern states had a railway system but the West was not as fortunate. With the discovery of gold, the acquisition of Mexican territories and the continued settlement of the West, it became apparent for the need to have a primary railway system.
The idea of building a railway to link the east and west was a daunting task but the nation had railroad fever in the 19th century and wanted to pursuit building a system across the wilderness. Once the project was begun, it took over 20,000 men, the majority who were European or Chinese immigrants, over six years. The cost in life and money has never been calculated but the final product was a railroad that would be the key to westward expansion."
Abstract This paper discusses the activities of state authorities in relation to crime in New Jersey and in the United States. The paper explains that in recent years crime rates in New Jersey have dropped significantly, but the prison population, and its costs, have increased and the key reason is that New Jersey (like many other jurisdictions) uses incarceration to address drug problems. The paper points out that there are alternatives to full-scale incarceration that would save the state of New Jersey substantial sums which are now being spent on maintaining a prison system that is built to guard New Jersey from a threat that does not exist.
Outline:
Introduction
Part I: Recent Crime Statistics
Part II: Recent Legislation
Part III: Victims Assistance Programs
Part IV: Correctional Options
Part V: Three Strikes Laws
Conclusion
From the Paper "There are two criminal justice systems in the United States: the state system and the federal system. When a person commits a crime, it may be a crime against the laws of the United States; it may be a crime against the laws of the state in which the crime occurs. Violations of the criminal laws of the United States ("federal crimes") are prosecuted by the United States through the U.S. Attorney in each state. Violations of the laws of a given state are prosecuted by the various officials of the state. While the two systems work cooperatively, they do not course over."
Abstract This paper looks at the National Standards for Arts Education as a place to start in assessing any state's interest in and support of arts education. The paper explains that to assess New Jersey's positioning on the canvas of American arts education, the debate and its contributions were analyzed for the past decade; the findings were unequivocal that arts education has a place not only in humanities teaching, but also in creating an atmosphere in which all children can achieve. It explains that wealthier school districts are more likely to retain arts programs under pressure, although it is the disadvantaged districts that would most benefit. The entire issue is assessed in terms of the possibilities post-NCLB, and the current progress of the states in terms of adopting the National Standards for Arts Education are also discussed. The writer concludes that it appears that New Jersey has at least nominally found a niche among the states more dedicated to providing arts education. It remains to be seen whether that education will be of the 'media' sort, or the more substantive arts education that demands continued student/teacher involvement in pursuit of generalized goals contributive to developing an aesthetic sense and possibly some mastery in an arts area.
Chapter I: Statement of Problem
National Standards for Arts Education: History
The Standards Themselves
Budget Issues
Quantitative Information
Qualitative Findings
Chapter II: Literature Review
Merits of Fine Arts Education
Educational Reform and Arts Education
How to Conduct Arts Education
The Standards Themselves
References
Appendix A: New Jersey Standards for Arts Education
Appendix B: U.S. Hunger in the Year 2000
Appendix C: Jasmine's Story
List of Tables
Table 2.1: States requiring arts credits for high school graduation
Table 2.2: Mandatory Status of Arts Education by State
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Reasons to Support Arts Education: New Jersey Figure 1.2: Budgeted Funds for Arts Expenditures by Type of School
Figure 1.3: Budgeted Funds for Arts Expenditures by School Size
Figure 1.4: Budgeted Funds for Arts Expenditures by Region
From the Paper "Four years ago, discussion concerning the place and presence of fine arts education in public schools would have been primarily a discussion of the need for the curricula in the first place and the financing of it. In the early 1990s, discussion of National Standards for arts education became prevalent in the professional media. Since the start of the Bush administration's No Child Left Behind initiatives, however, any public discussion of the present and future of arts programs in public schools is clouded by a new dominant educational debate; the new debate concerns whether NCLB signals the death-knell of learning in U.S. public schools, or is a way to raise up the academically disadvantaged. While this investigation does not attempt to find the definitive answer to that question, there is little doubt that the fact and progress of NCLB will have an impact, and arguably a negative one, on fine arts education generally. Whether it is having or has had a negative impact on fine and performing arts education in New Jersey is a proper question for the current research, however. It is probable that the answers to a statewide survey of fine arts faculty conducted for this investigation will help resolve it. Indeed, the question to be answered is how well New Jersey's Fine Arts Programs compare to National Standards, allowing for classification differences within the state."
Abstract The paper briefly discusses Harriet Tubman, the primary individual linked to the Underground Railroad, and explains the injustice that inspired the bravery of Tubman and others. The paper looks at the legends and facts concerning the Underground Railroad's escape route. The paper then notes the participation of Thomas Garrett and Laura Haviland in the Underground Railroad, which provides evidence that it was not only black individuals and Quakers who were involved in the Underground Railroad.
Outline:
Introduction
Harriet Tubman-Moses
The Injustice that Fired the Heart of Tubman and Others
The Legend and the Facts
Not Only Blacks in the Underground Railroad Movement
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The Underground Railroad was not a railroad in reality but instead was a mode of escape for many slaves from the bonds of slavery. While a great deal of legend surrounds the Underground Railroad, nevertheless, the Underground Railroad did exist and did serve to assist slaves in the South to Freedom in the North. Whether or not their lives were actually bettered by this freedom is another story. The work of Bordewich (2005) relates that slavery in North America "was born in the moist, flat tidewater country along Chesapeake Bay, and the lower Delaware, James and Rappannock rivers, where tobacco growing first made English settlement profitable.""
Abstract This paper discusses the involvement of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Senate elections in New Jersey. The legal concerns of the Republican party were brought to the U.S. Supreme Court following the ruling of the New Jersey Supreme Court, allowing a deviance from the legislature. The paper examines the New Jersey State laws, which clearly define the timing and conditions for the withdrawal of a candidate and replacement of that candidate on the ballot.
From the Paper "The Republicans still had some hope that the United States Supreme Court would overrule the New Jersey Supreme Court. The US Supreme Court had involved itself in the Florida voting problems in the 2000 Presidential Election. However that was a Federal election and involved the executive branch. The New Jersey situation affected state law, not federal law so the US courts would not get involved. The state courts would have had to misinterpret the state responsibilities written into the US Constitution."
Abstract Railroads were first constructed in southern Brazil to serve primarily as growing coffee production industry in S?o Paulo state. Railroad growth in the region, however, facilitated the growth and development of other economic activities such as communication and agriculture. In its early stages of development, Brazil's socioeconomic activities were separated. According to the paper, railroads developed in response to the needs of an agrarian economy but served also to support the development of industry in Southern Brazil. The paper argues that the railroad aided in the integration of the economies of the states in southern Brazil.
From the Paper "According to Poppino, because of the economic ascendance of Southern Brazil from the late-nineteenth century through 1920, which was facilitated by railroad development, "the locus of political power shifted permanently to the South, where S?o Paulo became the economic heart of the country, and a new class of industrialists, drawn from immigrants and the land holding elite, competed with plantation owners for prestige and political influence. Railroads, thus, developed in response to the needs of an agrarian economy but served also to support the development of industry in Southern Brazil."
Abstract The paper discusses a study that examined the possibility of incorporating community-based programs in New Jersey. The paper looks at its results that indicated that modest increases in educational spending can be offset by the significant savings from reduced recidivism. The paper concludes that it appears that New Jersey is slowly moving in the direction of adding additional community-based programs in order to curb crime and recidivism.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Community Based Programs in New Jersey Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the past few decades crime has become a significant issue in the United States, as the New Jersey public has been overwhelmed with graphic stories from the media. In prior years, political leaders have responded with calls for harsher treatment of criminal offenders as an end to revolving door justice by processing these offenders through the criminal justice system. The DEA describes New Jersey as a gateway state, with major interstate highways, roadways, international airports/seaports, and other infrastructures capable of accommodating voluminous amounts of passenger and cargo traffic, making it an ideal strategic corridor for transportation of drug contraband and illicit currency (DEA, 2008)."
Abstract The paper reviews the life of James Hill (1838-1916), founder of the Great Northern railroad, and nicknamed "the Empire Builder". The paper also notes Hill's early involvement with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and analyzes his successes in building and marketing his rail lines. The paper then analyzes the CPR and its effects on Canadian development, and reviews the earlier development of the canal infrastructure which provided waterways between the United States and Canada at the start of the 19th century. Next, the paper focuses on the Maritime Provinces and what has been written about them by various authors. Then the paper changes focus to what those writers have to say about the rest of Canada, returning to their views of travel on Canada's railroads, and especially the CPR. In conclusion, the paper finds that travel writers describe the country best when they focus on railroads and travel by rail.
From the Paper "A man of penetrating commercial vision, Hill foresaw the growth of trade with the Pacific Rim. His road would bridge this traffic from the Pacific Northwest, where he saw the logical port of entry to markets back east. He would haul cotton from the South for export to the Orient, and his freight cars would return filled with lumber from the Northwest to build the heartland. Notwithstanding his view on trains that carry people, the flagship passenger train of his Great Northern bore his nickname, the Empire Builder."
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that the economic growth the entire state of New York experienced as a result of railroad infrastructure, can be seen in the exponential growth of the relatively rural cities on its borders that went from populations of sustained and slow growth to urban centers teaming with industry. The writer notes that in the overall population growth of New York State one can see the exponential growth, especially in relation to railroad development, which by 1853 had developed into a collective network crossing the state. The writer concludes that the foundational expansion of the transportation system in New York State made possible economic growth that was unmatched in many regional locations and allowed for the support of one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. Further, the writer points out that with the culmination of the railroad infrastructure came jobs in manufacturing and maintenance of the rail lines that were open to diverse populations that had been underserved in the labor market.
From the Paper "Lastly the development of the railroad as a collective source of the growth of tourism, reshaped the lands surrounding New York city and allowed city and rural dwellers alike to interact and spend leisure time visiting places in the state they had not seen before. The real initial development of tourism, and especially national tourism could easily be linked to the development of the railroads. This industry being almost a completely new economic avenue, would transform how people thought of travel, previously thought of as a necessity to relocation, now it could be a temporary extended visit to those who had resulted before or to see places that had only been read about in books up to this point. The flyer, reproduced here is one that demonstrates this new emphasis on rail travel as a way to rather quickly leave the city behind and seek a calmer venue for leisure time."
