Abstract
A paper which looks at the life of Karl Rahner (1904-1984), German theologist and Roman Catholic Philosopher. The paper discusses some of his views, philosophies and works such as the founding of the journal "Concilium". It also examines the philosophies of several of those who influenced his life such as St Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant.

From the Paper
"By utilizing his theories and philosophies of Kant, Augustine and Aquinas Rahner has given a fundamental approach to religion that allows for him to bring forth the beliefs of non Christian religions into a traditional progressive attitude of theological studies for those to understand the grace of God.

"Rahner is one of those members of the church whose free thinking ideals and works has enable the Catholic church to move forward out of the dark ages."

Tags:categorical, imperative, Causality, Jesuit, Spirit, of, the, World

Abstract
The paper discusses how Karl Marx challenged liberalism in works such as "The Communist Manifesto", in which he condemned capitalism and predicted that the exploited working classes of capitalistic societies would become alienated and overthrow the system of capitalism. The paper explains that Marx was convinced that once liberalism was discredited and capitalism was overthrown, there would be a brief period of rule by the dictatorship of the proletariat and then the classless society of communism would emerge.

From the Paper
"Karl Marx challenged liberalism in works such as "The Communist Manifesto", in which he condemned capitalism and predicted that the exploited working classes of capitalistic societies would become alienated and overthrow the system of capitalism. Marx was convinced that once liberalism was discredited and capitalism was overthrown, there would be a brief period of rule by the dictatorship of the proletariat and then the classless society of communism would emerge."

Tags:karl, marx, liberalism

Abstract
This paper examines whether Karl Marx's explanations and analysis of the concepts of value, use-value, exchange-value, labor, commodity and fetishism help in developing a critical understanding of capitalism.

From the Paper
"Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and controlled. Capitalist economies are characterized by competition in the private sector and by the profit motive and by the fact that there is ..."

Tags:Karl Marx, analysis, value, use-value, exchange-value, labor, commodity, fetishism capitalism, communism, intrinsic

Abstract
Karl Marx defined alienation as the process of the working man becoming only a cog in the machinery of production. This paper examines claims that this concept of alienation was actually put forth by Friedrich Engels first and only later expounded upon by Marx. It traces the progression from papers by Engels to the "Communist Manifesto" and shows that while Marx is believed to be the main author, actually Engels supplied much more of the economic theory.

From the Paper
"In the year 1848, Western society was 'enlightened' through the introduction of a new ideology put forward by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, proponents of the political treatise "Communist Manifesto." In it, the authors proposed and expounded on the issue of socialism as the new revolutionary movement that served as the antithesis of the principles of capitalism and eventually, modernism. The socialism-capitalism dichotomy was discussed based on the antagonistic relationships that emerged out of the unequal opportunities given to people at each point or stage of the socio-economic history of humanity. Thus, Marx and Engels posit that throughout history and until capitalism, human society has been in the "history of class struggles," wherein there existed inequalities among "[f]reeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman...oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted now hidden, now open fight...""

Tags:Karl, Marx, Communism, socialism

Abstract
The paper looks at the life history of father of modern socialism and communism, Karl Marx. The paper traces his beginnings as a child in Trier, Germany, through to his education in Bonn and his career as a writer. Karl Marx's works are discussed, such as "The Manifesto of the Communist Party", "The Poverty of Philosophy" and " A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy". Finally the paper looks at Karl Marx's contribution to sociology.

From the Paper
"Moreover, there was the history of factory legislation in England which, from its modest beginnings with the first acts of 1802, finally reached the point of limiting working hours in almost all manufacturing as well as the cottage industries to 60 hours per week for women and young people under the age of 18, and to 39 hours per week for children under 13. Thus, Marx has given an excellent book, which from this point of view is of the greatest interest especially for every industrialist."

Tags:Rheinische, Zeitung, Deutsch-Franz?sische, Jahrb?cher, International, Working, Men's, Association

Abstract
In this article the writer analyzes the views of Karl Marx, in particular with regards to his views of the alienation of a worker. The writer discusses that Karl Marx defined this type of alienation as being a social problem, which had been in fact created by the bourgeois management of production on one hand, and exchange on the other. The writer notes that today, the condition of the worker is not as alienated as described by Karl Marx during his times, but still, a human being still produces automatically to earn his livelihood, rather then producing without any sort of external necessity, perhaps like an artist or a musician. The writer concludes that in a society where the forces of the market are able to dictate human behavior, people would never be able to realize their full potential, and this would mean that capitalism today, which interferes with the true nature of a human being, must be abolished as far as it is a possibility.

From the Paper
"In other words, Karl Marx was of the firm opinion that in general, a worker was alienated to a large extent. Perhaps, said Karl Marx, the obvious expression of this alienation was seen in the fact that the worker was quite unable, in capitalist times, of actually owning what he had produced with his effort and hard work. The fact cannot be denied, that the existing conditions of production did indeed dehumanize the worker, to such an extent that he became a mere animal, in following his routine and losing his creativity. The worker would also feel alienated because of the fact that work is not 'himself', it is outside of him, and therefore, not at all a part of his true nature. He becomes both mentally and physically 'debased', and is happy only during his leisure time, which is not much, and he is almost like an animal, in the basic satisfaction of his animal functions of eating, sleeping, procreating, while in his creativity and so on, he is reduced to an animal like thinking. Therefore, the animal becomes human, and the human, animal."

Tags:alienation, worker, capitalism, production

Abstract
This paper explains that Karl Marx's character came from his experiences as a child. As a convert, a lofty Christian idealism paved his way into philosophical study, but the Prussian authorities' unwarranted suspicion of his father, who was a lawyer, a constitutionalist, a democrat, and a Jew, led young Karl to consider, with discontent, the structure of government. The author points out that, although Marx studied under Hegel, the greatest influence in his life was his longtime friend, Friedrich Engels, who introduced Marx to many of the works of influential economists of the time, which would help him shape his economic and human philosophy. The paper relates that Vladimir Lenin extended Marxism and made it more comprehensible for the masses, augmenting it into Marxist-Leninism. Without Karl Marx, there probably would never have been a Russian Revolution.

From the Paper
"In 1864, the International Working Men's Association (IWMA) was founded. It gave Marx the needed conduit for his revolutionary cause. Marx actually drew up the rules for the group, clearly advocating the gradual gain of power through parliamentary assemblies. This became the best means for freeing the proletariat in industrially advanced countries like Britain. With his strong opinions and stronger understanding of politics, Marx eventually became a member of the IWMA's general committee. This position gave him the clout he needed to present his ideas: such as strong support of the Paris Commune. This bold action drew the attention of all, especially the frightened French bourgeoisie. Unfortunately his position in the IWMA was the height of his official political career. He became under attack from the working class, who were unsupportive of his extreme measures, and others disliking any kind of authority. With Marx's political defeat, the IWMA lost all of its effectiveness and eventually dissolved into nonexistence. Although Marx no longer had any official place in politics, working-class leaders from Germany, France, and Britain continued to consult him about their problems."

Tags:hegel, engels, lenin, masses, proletariat

Abstract
This paper explains that Adam Smith thought that the separation of ownership and control raised serious questions about the management of joint-stock companies and led him to analyze the agency problem. The author points out that Adam Smith and Karl Marx agree that an advantage of the joint-stock company is that it allows entrepreneurs to put together large sums of money and capital; furthermore, Marx concludes that the joint-stock form leads to a "tremendous expansion in the scale of production and enterprises, which would be impossible for individual capitals." The paper states that Karl Marx would have called Adam Smith's hunters simple commodity producers with each hunting with his own relatively simple weapon in a forest, which is open to all, and satisfying his needs by exchanging his excess catch against the products of other hunters.

From the Paper
"Competition is another quantitative aspect of economics. One first needs to examine the conditions under which exchange ratios would correspond exactly to labor -time ratios. We begin with Adam Smith's famous deer-beaver example, "If among a nation of hunters, for example, it usually costs twice the labor to kill a beaver which it does to kill a deer, one beaver should naturally exchange for or be worth two deer. It is natural that what is usually the produce of two days' or two hours' labor, should be worth double of what is usually the produce of one days' or one hours' labor.""

Tags:management, agency, competition, expansion, commodity

Abstract
Both Mary Wollstonecraft and Karl Marx developed ideas about the way society is formed and the way it should be formed and both did so in economic and social terms. The paper shows that there are considerable differences between the views they take on these topics. Each wanted to change society and each examined the nature of their society and determined what sorts of developments should be taken in the future. The paper examines Wollstonecraft's "Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) and Karl Marx's class theory.

From the Paper
"Marx and Engels do not speak of individuals as a rule but rather of classes, mass grouping of people according to economic and social position. In the perspective of Marx and Engels, the bourgeois society in which they lived was a system of class conflict and the domination of the bourgeois class over the proletarian class. They described the nature of this society not as an aberration but as a stage in social evolution, succeeding the feudal period and preceding the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat. This view was based on the idea that these stages were inevitable and that the only way for the proletariat to gain a better position in life was through revolution, through the violent overthrow of bourgeois society."

Tags:Rousseau, gender-segregated, proletariat