Abstract This paper discusses the medical diagnostic field of radiology. The paper identifies the different methods available and elaborates on each one. Radiology is a diagnostic specialty that uses x-rays, ultrasound, radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other new technology forms. The paper examines the benefits of each of these methods of radiology.
From the Paper "The diagnosis of disease in human patients is performed by the physician through medical or clinical imaging when the affected body part is not visible, or it is arrived at through a research-based understanding of the body processes (Wikipedia 2004). The physician infers the cause from the evident or visible tissue effect, that is, inversely. Radiology is a diagnostic specialty that uses x-rays, ultrasound, radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and other new technology forms. In the past, the physician performed imaging by simply feeling the affected body area in visualizing the condition of the invisible internal organs involved. This method was traditionally used in diagnosing conditions aneurysm, fracture, and enlarged internal organs, but the diagnosis was based on subjective interpretation and needed further tests to confirm it (Wikipedia)."
Abstract The paper discusses how the field of radiology has expanded from being simply a diagnostics tool to becoming the forefront treatment for many serious diseases. The paper looks at the discovery of x-rays, the development of CT scans and the subsequent MRI. The paper describes the advancements in interventional radiology and relates that today's radiologists are actively involved in caregiving and are not limited to diagnosis.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
X-rays and Fluoroscopy
CT Scanners Ultrasound and MRI
Interventional Radiology Conclusion
From the Paper "Radiology has evolved a long way since the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm roentgen back in 1895. Today, the field of radiology is a comprehensive medical specialty which is not just limited to diagnostic imaging using x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, etc, but also constitutes interventional treatment methods such as angiography, angioplasty, radio frequency ablation, embolization etc. Particularly, in the treatment of vascular diseases and cancer, interventional radiology has become an effective and minimally invasive therapeutic approach. A brief history would help us get better insight into the timeline and the developments of new and important diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the field of radiology."
Abstract This paper investigates the medical specialties of anesthesiology and radiology. The author reviews the required training and opportunities of both fields as well as why she is interested in these specialties. To the author, anesthesiology is a fascinating field because of the ability to provide pain relief; whereas, radiology is appealing because it is at the cutting edge of medical technology. The author concludes that, because both disciplines can be applied across so many areas of medicine, they represent an incredible opportunity to gain tremendous knowledge about the body and its systems, more so than in some narrower specialties.
From the Paper "The training that is required of a future anesthesiologist takes place in a four-year residency program. Because the field is applied to so many individual areas of medicine, the program of study will be comprehensive and multidisciplinary. Throughout the program, I expect to learn and perform multiple blocks each day, as hands-on experience is critical to becoming a qualified anesthesiologist. I expect extensive training on a simulator as well to further build my experience level."
Abstract This document introduces and compares two separate organizations where one employs a total quality management program and one does not. General Electric is used to illustrate a total quality management program, Six Sigma, and Advanced Radiology are used to illustrate a company that does not employ any type of total quality management program.
From the Paper "Any organization in any line of business requires a quality management program or some sort of quality program that is instituted from executive management down to the lowest level employee. While each particular function within an organization requires quality processes modeled after its own unique requirements, these individual quality processes should be designed and established based on the principles of the overall quality management program. While there are many different quality management programs, such as: total quality management (TQM), kaizen based programs, and Six Sigma, one feature unique to all of them is that they are, and should be, part of the strategic DNA of an organization and an integral part of the strategic planning process."
Abstract This paper discusses radiological dispersion devices (RDDs) and analyzes how easy they are to access and to construct. The paper then discusses which nations are likely to have access to RDDs. In addition, the paper analyzes the effects that can be expected for those who are exposed to an explosion of RDD and the damage that they cause in the form of gamma, beta and alpha emitters.
From the Paper "One other nation that comes to mind is Iran. This country's harboring of terrorist organizations (just the sort of organizations that are most likely to utilize RDD weaponry) is commonly-known but what is arguably less-appreciated (at least by the general public) is its close historic relationship to the aforementioned Russia. To wit, Russia has historically made many contributions to Iran's nuclear weapons program and is generally perceived as a nation that enjoys a substantial diplomatic relationship with Iran (Orlov & Vinnikov, 2005). As a result, it is quite easy to see terrorist organizations residing within Iran - and looking for low-tech and cost-effective weapons to unleash upon the west - using Iranian contacts within Russia to secure RDDs. At the very least, radioactive material such as Strontium-90 can find its way within Iran's borders from Russia with troubling ease."
This paper discusses extensively the effects of picture archiving communications systems (PACS) and computerization on radiology workflow and turnaround time.
Abstract This paper explains that digital radiology applications of picture archiving communications systems (PACS) provide improved workflow and faster turnaround times by virtue of instant display of images thereby facilitating immediate diagnosis. The author points out that radiology information systems and picture archive communication systems provide a radical departure from the traditional current film and chemical imaging applications by meeting significant and unfulfilled needs for instant imaging and quick diagnosis both in the field and in the clinic. The paper relates that while these technologies were relatively expensive just a few years ago, their cost has dropped to the point where virtually all clinicians who feel their patients can benefit from them can afford to integrate them into their diagnostic regimen. Charts.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview.
Benefits of Radiology Information Systems (RIS).
Benefits of Picture Archive Communication Systems (PACS).
Current and Future Trends.
Conclusion
From the Paper "The authors report that observations of the radiologists in the clinical environment showed that they relied predominantly on interpretation of images from PACS to render their conclusions, with only occasional RIS terminal use and even less frequent HIS access. The principal explanation for this behavior most likely relates to the inconvenience of accessing such data: Three different computers are required to access three separate clinical systems (ie, PACS, RIS, HIS). The Internet was not used by attending radiologists to search for external medical evidence; instead, they relied on their training and experience to reach conclusions; however, residents frequently used the Internet and reference textbooks as a source of external information while they waited for the attending radiologist's review."
Discusses the use of digital imaging in hospital radiology departments, the promise it holds, how it is evolving and the main types of digital imaging.
Abstract This paper explains that, in spite of the usefulness and potential of the digital imaging process in hospital radiology departments, the cost of the equipment it requires has stopped digital imaging in hospital radiology departments from progressing and growing as fast as was hoped. The paper also explains that the slow progression towards digital imagery does not mean that the importance for the future that the technology holds should be discounted. The paper then discusses the two main types of digital imaging systems as they relate to hospital radiology departments and concludes with a discussion of image quality and its significance. A copy of the source documents used are also appended to the paper.
Table of Contents
The Evolution of Digital Imaging
Computed Radiography (CR)
Digital Radiography (DR)
Image Quality
From the Paper "Digital imaging in hospital radiology departments came about for several reasons. The most important of these, however, was the idea that the digital images could be viewed by any authorized person at any time, thus making it much easier and faster for those that needed to see them to have access to these images (Gillespie, 1999). These digital images eliminate the need for films and film libraries, thus freeing up space, as well. However, there are still problems with this issue that have stopped digital imaging in hospital radiology departments from progressing and growing as fast as was hoped. The major concern for these departments is the cost that is incurred when it comes to the digital imaging equipment, which is much more expensive than the older methods that were previously used to take x-rays and perform other functions (Gillespie, 1999)."
Abstract This paper examines diagnostic x-ray imaging quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC). It defines QA and QC for diagnostic x-ray imaging and then discusses how this occurs within all areas of a radiology department. Lastly, the paper discusses the growth of quality assurance in pediatric radiology. The paper contains tables and images.
Table of Contents:
Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging Quality Assurance (QA)
Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging Quality Control (QC)
Radiographic Unit Monitoring
Sensitometery and Darkroom Monitoring
Use of Technique Charts
Analysis of Repeat Rates
Continuing Education
Repeat Analysis
Timer Quality Control in Radiographic Equipment
Collimator Quality Control
Vertical Beam Alignment Quality Control
Collimation
Focal-spot Size
Fluoroscopy Quality Control
Automatic Exposure Systems
Tomography Quality Control
Ensuring QC in Conventional Radiographic Systems
Radiation Safety/QA Program
Test Frequency
Different Types of Tests and Duration
Growth of Quality Assurance in Pediatric Radiology Exhibits
From the Paper "The various parameters to be checked under radiography are (i) assessment of the focal spot size which is the surface area of the anode which is bombarded by the electron beam. In case of radiography machine, it ranges from 0.1 to 1.2 mm or more than that. In case of mammo-machines the values are 0.3 to 0.6. The assessment of focal spot size is applied to get a X-ray image having the least blur. Small focal spot are likely to concentrate heat and emits load on focal spot areas. In case the quantity of heat emitted at the time of an individual exposure is more than the track capacity, the anode surface is liable to melt. Besides, the assessment of the focal spot size is necessary to compare it with the original focal spot size with that of the machine. Also spot size of any machine is stated on the top of the X-Ray tube. (Mukhtar, n. d.)"
Abstract The field of medical imaging has been in existence for over one hundred years, but new research and scientific breakthroughs have changed both its image and its role. This paper discusses how radiology is not only diagnostic, but is expanding to encompass curative techniques as well. The most common radiological investigation remains the conventional X-ray, but a wide range of new and more efficient modalities have also been available for the past several decades. This paper explains and defines the concept of conventional tomography.
From the Paper "Tomography is a method whereby selected planes in the patient's body can be examined with greater clarity and perspective. Logical other names for Conventional Tomography include body section radiography, planigraphy, laminography or stratigraphy. It differs from Conventional radiography in that a single plane is selected and kept in focus, as structures above and below are blurred and out of focus. This is done by moving the x-ray tube in one direction over the patient. The tube and film are linked and synchronized to move in opposite directions. This process uses the motion of the X-ray focal spot and image receptor to produce radiographs in which only one specific plane remains in sharp focus. Irrelevant details from other segments become blurred and thus insignificant. (Author not available, 2003)."
Abstract The paper explains that the greatest efforts of the country are now concentrated on adapting to the European Union through legislation, adopting changes in standards and procedures, and increasing transparency, which also should increase outside investments. The author points out that the Czechs have a distinct climate of corruption, especially in clerical and administrative services, and it is a method of negotiation with the administrators who are operating at higher levels. The paper relates that the area of radiology is well developed, the number of radiological treatments has increased 30 percent over the last ten years, and there are already quite a few suppliers of items like MRI in the country.
From the Paper "The country and its government had gone through an extremely difficult period of two years after the revolution in the country took place. They had a distinct aim when the revolution occurred and to support these aims they also passed a large number of new laws. The study of the laws shows them to be very modern and useful to the society. The passing of these laws also show that the government in power distinctly has a desire to follow the laws and work in a manner similar to the governments that operate in the Western countries. The only problem that when these laws were passed, the nation was in a euphoria and this led to the whole process being completed done at a very high speed. This has left its mark in the inconsistencies and oversight in these laws. One of these laws has the name of Waste Act (No. 238/1991). The whole law is only to deal with efforts for the restriction of certain business activities like the import and export of waste."
Abstract This paper examines an initiative called "Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise", which is an attempt to improve productivity and efficiency in the radiology department. The paper studies how the initiative is being implemented, and evaluates its impact thus far. The paper also discusses the role of technology in hospitals in general, and in particular as it relates to radiology departments.
Tags: integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), DICOM, SINR
This paper is a complete research project to determine the rate of methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA) in the radiology department and the procedures most likely to be linked to its transmission to patients.
Abstract This study hypothesizes that patients are more likely to become exposed to methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA) in the radiology department via multi-use items, such as ultrasound probes using trans-dermal gel. The author reports that twelve bacterial isolates were recovered from ultrasound probes after typical cleaning procedures were used; however, no significant bacterial isolate was found on the endoscopes used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The paper concludes that the risk of MRSA contamination in patients is higher in radiological procedures, which use multiple use probes cleaned only with local measures, rather than endoscopes, which undergo a rigorous timed and chemical disinfection process.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Methodology
Methods and Procedures
Evaluation
Ethical Considerations
Dissemination
Budget
Human Subjects
Results
Conclusion
Discussion
Importance
Recommendations
From the Paper "One interesting study reviewed the use of maggots in the treatment of MRSA. While not specifically germane to the subject at hand, it will show what a significant problem this health care issue has become. In this study, it was felt that it was important to discover alternatives to antibiotic resistant wounds in which no other form of treatment appeared to suffice. The goal of the study was to find a way to combat wounds and promote a healing. Ultimately it was felt that maggot therapy has been seen to act on MRSA in wounds and constitutes another area in need of study, with greater emphasis on evidence based practice."
Abstract This paper explores the meaning of stress and identifies the stressors within the Community General Hospital's radiology department. The paper discusses the stressful issues of management, cross-cultural barriers and the leadership situation which damages teamwork. Next, solutions that utilize the effective use of management techniques, communication and motivation are explored. The paper concludes that, through these measures, differences will be best employed in an efficient manner, so as to reduce stress in the workplace and promote productivity instead.
Outline:
Introduction
The Importance of Studying Stress
The Stress Levels in Radiology at Community General Hospital
The Recommendation to Reduce Stress
Conclusion
From the Paper "The issue of stress is one which arises in nearly all situations, however to varying levels and degrees. In the workplace in particular stress is something which not only annoys and at times hurts the individual, but it likewise damages the company. In the radiology department at Community General Hospital, the levels of stress have reached the point where this is the reality, with the quality of work and operating atmosphere being harmed by the presence of stress. The interaction between employees, management, and the overall mission by which the department is led either create harmony, or discord. In the instance of Community General Hospital, the lack of synergy between these particular areas is inhibiting productivity, decreasing the quality of the overall work environment and also productivity."
Abstract There are many different ways to study human emotional patterns in specific situations. Generally, there are five methods of research, including experimental, correlation, naturalistic observation, surveys, and case studies. Within each group, there are also subsets designed to further expand study options. This paper discusses the various methods of research, compares and contrasts those methods, and determines which method would be most suitable for studying anxiety of patients attending the radiology department of a hospital.
From the Paper "Experimental designs work well in cases where the independent variable can be manipulated in such a way as to limit any other possible variables that could affect the independent variable (Levine, 2001). In the case of anxiety research outside of a laboratory setting, this would not be practical. Anxiety can be caused by any number of variables, and a subject attending a radiology department in a hospital may show signs of anxiety simply from attending the appointment. Additionally, there is no control of outside variables in this setting, and no clear way to measure a dependant variable."
Abstract This paper examines the various steps taken in hospital radiology departments to ensure patient privacy and confidentiality. In particular, the paper studies the increasing availability of these images online -- or at least their computerization and accessibility from outside the department and even the hospital. The paper studies the HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) regulations regarding patient confidentiality and asks how those regulations apply to the current situation.
