Abstract The paper looks at the beginnings of the KDKA radiobroadcasting station and describes the events leading up to the first broadcast in 1920. The paper discusses the KDKA's growth through the years and explains how the station has managed to remain on the air for over 80 years.
From the Paper "On November 2nd in 1920, four individuals in Pittsburgh, PA made history when they reported election results over airways, becoming one of the first broadcasting stations in the United States. While their broadcast consisted of only election results, their efforts brought personal, immediate information to listeners in a way that had never before been seen, and is commonly thought to be the birth of radio journalism (Finn, 294). While their original broadcast made history, the events preceding and following the occurrence made what was to become the KDKA radio station a landmark of radio broadcasting over the next 80 years."
Abstract This paper explores how radio has matured over the years and where it is likely to go in the future. The author examines what areas of human communication is radio changing (news, entertainment, the "Global Village") and who uses radio technology (entertainers, politicians, propagandists, etc.). The paper includes moral or social issues have arisen from radio (censorship, the "shock jocks"). The paper discusses the future of the technology (streaming audio).
Abstract This paper examines and evaluates the impact that international broadcasting has had on the cultural, political, and economical landscape of society. These factors are examined in terms of the impacts affected by law, communication, advertising or public relations.
Outline
Introduction
A New Era in the Federal Communications Commission
Time Periods Inclusive of the Radio Age
The United States was not the Leader of the Pack in the Beginning
1920 - 1934 Radio Industries Beginning
1935 - 1950: Exchanges and Advances in the Radio Industry
RadioBroadcasting on an International Basis
The Mission of the Public Broadcasting Network
Conclusion
From the Paper "Broadcasting has greatly impacted society on an international level and has affected every aspect of life in terms of economically, politically and socially as well as spurring developments in the field of the law, revenues in advertising and advances beyond the wildest dreams of the originators of broadcasting in terms of communications. The once very large world is much smaller due to broadcasting advances and news that took days and even weeks or months to make the rounds is now heard simultaneously throughout the entire globe. Certainly broadcasting on an international basis has propelled globalization and just may have even given birth to the global society in existence today."
Abstract This paper examines radio regulation in Canada when radio first emerged in the 1920sand 1930s. It focuses on the government's objectives in creating the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and the Canadian RadioBroadcast Corporation (CRBC).
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to trace the history of radio broadcasting in the United States until the advent of television. We will see how the work of amateurs such as Frank Conrad led to the broadcast of the presidential election returns on November 2, 1920. A subsequent rush to build and buy receivers helped boost Westinghouse sales of radio sets. Radio Corporation of America won itself an audience of 300,000 broadcasting the Dempsey-Carpentier fight in 1921. AT&T presented the first commercial a year later. Yet a year after that AT&T began the establishment of network broadcasting. Government antitrust action in 1931 resulted in RCA, GE, and Westinghouse making their patents generally available. Meanwhile, the Radio Act of 1927 had established the Federal Radio Commission s "traffic policemen" of the air. "
Abstract The paper shows how radio advertising created a demand for certain modes of dress, entertainment and music at the same time as it worked to produce a society more pliant to powerful interest groups. The paper discusses how the radio also served to perpetuate stereotypes that marginalized some groups while elevating others. The paper concludes that American popular culture - even to this very day - owes at least part of its nature to the old-fashioned radio.
From the Paper "One of the most significant things that radio did for American popular culture was to make the siren call of that culture more pervasive than ever before. That is to say, before the advent of the radio, people could really only be exposed to the newest fad, fashion or technological product by venturing outdoors, by permitting a door-to-door salesman into the house or by purchasing a subscription to the local newspaper. However, because radio did not require anyone to leave the home in order to be inundated with advertising promos, did not require that someone admit a stranger into their residence or did not even require that someone be able to read the printed word, radio became an extraordinarily effective means of "commodifying" popular culture even more than it already was."
An exploration of the importance of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) in the general strategy of the CIA and the United States government during the late 1980s.
Abstract The paper assesses the impact of the Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty organizations on the Cold War. The paper analyzes how the merged RFE/RL organization accomplished its mission across the Iron Curtain during the 1980s. The paper also illustrates how by becoming the vehicle that mobilized the frontier rebellions of Eastern European countries against the Soviet Union, RFE/RL had both a very direct and indirect influence on the collapse of the Soviet Union.
From the Paper "During the Cold War, tension between Western and Eastern Europe was extremely high. The existence of the Iron Curtain and its subsequent information cut off across this divide makes it extremely hard for American propaganda efforts to turn Soviet allies to the US. The development of the RFE or Radio Free Europe was part of the CIA's initiative to spread pro-American sentiment in Eastern Europe, behind the Iron Curtain. The program itself can be seen as a radio and communications organization, with funding specifically from the United States Congress and the CIA. The organization exists in Europe and the Middle East, with broadcasting of one thousand hours per week in over twenty eight different languages. Through the combined efforts of the RFE and the RL, Radio Liberty, organizations America was able to greatly influence a grass roots movement towards social mobility against communism."
Abstract This paper describes the history and uses of radio frequency identification (RFID). The author describes the history of radio frequency identification, especially as used during World War II. The paper further describes practical applications of radio frequency identification today, such as on toll roads and also in moving products to their destinations. The author uses Wal-Mart as an example, and also has several charts to demonstrate how RFID is used in industry. The paper concludes with potential uses for RFID in the future.
Outline:
History of Radio Frequency Identification
Fundamentals of Radio Frequency Identification
Exploring the type of RFID Tags
Active RFID Tags
Active Backscatter Tags
Passive Backscatter Tags
RFID's Future Applications
Figure 1: Comparing RFID Frequencies
Figure 2: Comparing RFID Tags and their Use
Figure 3: Exploring How RFID Works
Figure 4: RFID's Impact on a Manufacturer's Supply Chain
Table 1:
Mass customization manufacturing strategies which can be automated through RFID
Figure 5: Using RFID Technology to streamline the MRO Process
Figure 6: Authentication techniques using RFID to validate products using RFID
From the Paper "The 1990s were a significant decade for RFID since it saw the widespread deployment of electronic toll collection in the United States according to AIM (2001). From the lessons learned in transportation and the work completed by IBM engineers who developed and patented an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID system according to RFID Journal (2002) which could be read up to 20 feet away., the foundation for reading tags in motion from a distance was of immediate interest to mass merchandisers including Wal-Mart. The pioneering work IBM had done in UHF RFID was sold off to Intermec when the computer conglomerate encountered financial difficulties in the mid 1990s. Intermec, an industry leader in bar coding and material handling applications, struggled to make the technology a market success. What were missing were data standards and the ability to create Master Data Management repositories that could be queried and used for analysis."
Looks at some of the criticisms of Canada's broadcasting policies and argues that, while some of these criticisms are true, there are some good reasons for the policies as well.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, 2002, $ 44.95
Abstract This essay discusses how economists and other critics of Canada's traditional broadcasting policies have questioned government policies such as Canadian content quotas for television. They have argued that regulations have created government failures, including the protection of the interests of cable companies and the producers of poor quality shows that few people want to watch. The essay points out that this is true, but that there are legitimate reasons for Canadian public broadcasting.
Abstract This paper examines the current trend of people listening more frequently to conservative or "right wing" talk shows. It focuses on the shows of three hosts - John Carlson, Michael Savage and Rush Limbaugh and discusses how they have successfully adapted their conservative radio programs to compete with new forms of media.
From the Paper "Imagine a view from the early 1920?s; a family huddled together in front of their brand new radio. The children are excitedly waiting for the familiar sounds of ?The Lone Ranger.? Mom and Dad sit back, enjoying not only the family time together, but their moments of quiet relaxation. Eighty years ago this was the image most Americans conjure in their minds when they pictured the early day of radio. Today, radio has changed dramatically. The word radio no longer can describe the genera's housed under it. We have music radio, with pop, rock, country and jazz. Separate from musical radio is talk radio, which encompassed home and garden tips, health information, and, often, conservative opinion talk radio programs."
Tags: communication, limbaugh, mass, media, michael, radio, rush, savage
An in-depth analysis of the existing framework of community broadcasting in India and how to use community radio for development in underdeveloped areas.
Abstract The paper looks at community radio as a new way of providing communication development support to the people residing outside of the major cities in India. The paper analyzes the existing framework of community broadcasting in India with regard to historical background, legal and financial aspects, policy interventions and government and corporate interest. The writer explores the best possible practices for community radio to be used as a community participatory tool to ensure the participation of the underprivileged sectors of the society in designing, producing and then subsequent airing of radio programs based on local community issues, problems, needs and interests. In conclusion, the writer posits that the denial of information to the lower classes aggravates the poverty gap and that community radio could help bridge this gap.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is Community Media?
The Concept of Community Radio What Community Radio Can Do?
The Present Scenario of Community Radio in India
The Legal Aspects of Community Radio in India
The Financial Aspects of Community Radio in India
The Technical and Training Requirements
Possibilities Within the Existing Indian Framework
The Policy Interventions
The Indian Experiences
Community Radio - Voices
Community Radio - AID
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In contrast to the government efforts to bridge the digital divide and to take the advantages of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to the masses, the colonial and fossilized Indian Broadcasting laws continues to hold sway over the broadcasting arena. On the one hand, Judiciary has endorsed that 'airways are public property', while on the other, in practical realm, lines between public and private broadcasting still remain conveniently blurred. No doubt, that private radio has made an entry into the Indian broadcast arena, but community radio remains to find legitimacy by the law of the land."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts two news programs on B.B.C. (British Broadcasting Corporation) radio: "PM" on Radio 4 and "Newsbeat" on Radio 1. The writer studies the concept of multichannel broadcasting. The writer also discusses how the B.B.C. news is packaged to suit various listeners.
From the Paper "The British Broadcasting Corporation (B.B.C.) is the United Kingdom's multi-channel broadcaster airing programs over television, radio and the Internet. As a publicly-funded broadcaster, the B.B.C. is what the United Kingdom listens to B.B.C. Radio has five major national stations, each with its own broadcast style. .."
Abstract This paper explains that many broadcasters argue that the First Amendment should apply to television in the same way it applies to the print media; however, because broadcasters are licensed to use a scarce public property, even the most conservative Supreme Courts consistently have ruled that, in the case of television, the First Amendment rights of the viewers, not the broadcasters, are paramount. The author points out that in the case of C.B.S. vs. Democratic National Committee (1973), 412 U.S. 94, the United States Supreme Court held that a broadcast licensee could refuse to carry a paid editorial advertisement. The paper relates that, in March 2004, Congress passed legislation that sharply increased federal fines for television and radiobroadcasters, which air material the government deems indecent and ordered the FCC to look at ways to protect children from violence on television.
From the Paper "The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), established by the Communications Act of 1934, is an independent United States government agency, directly responsible to Congress, and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. The Media Bureau department of the FCC develops, recommends and administers "the policy and licensing programs relating to electronic media, including cable television, broadcast television, and radio in the United States and its territories.""
Tags:broadcasters, licensed, public, viewers, children
Abstract A short discussion of how media consolidation, particularly in the radio industry, has suppressed political viewpoints, forcing many musical artists to censor their political opinions to avoid losing airplay from the nation's largest and most powerful broadcasters.
From the Paper "When Americans turn on their radios each day, most listeners expect to hear the artists that are most popular in their preferred musical genre. Listeners assume that the radio stations in their town are choosing the music based on what listeners want to hear without any outside influence other than the music itself. Yet since the Telecommunications Act of 1996, many artists have found that in addition to an infectious rhythm and memorable lyrics, radio stations have been frequently basing their playlists on corporate mandates dictated by the political beliefs and business practices of the artist. This rapidly growing form of systematic censorship has left many musicians afraid to speak out on political issues, including the very issue of consolidation that has given rise to a sharp increase in music censorship."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed discussion about the history of the radio and the impact radio has had on the recording industry. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the history of radiobroadcasts as well as what the future of radio looks like with the advent of CD burners.
From the Paper 'Across America, people tune into their favorite radio stations and sing along with their favorite artists. While we enjoy the ability to tune in as well as the songs that are played, we seldom give thought to how the radio has impacted our favorite artists from a recording standpoint. Radio was a boon to those involved in it, and it has provided a forum for artists to have their new material heard which in turn increased record sales for many years."
