Abstract
This paper details how realism, liberalism and radicalism systems hold certain social, political and economic principles which result in each system taking a specific stand on international relations. This paper details the history of each system and contends that for realists the interests of the state are paramount, while liberals hold that individual interests are more important that the interests of the state and that radicalism views the interests of the majority.
Topics covered in this paper include:
Introduction
Realism
Liberalism
Radicalism
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Since Marx there have been several different versions of radicalism, usually termed revisionist ideologies. In particular, some have argued that violent revolution is not necessary to establish socialism. The alternative is a gradual reform of the existing government. This view is less radical in the strict sense of the word, but with regard to political systems 'radicalism' can more generally refer to any system which requires large-scale change of the existing national infrastructure."

Tags:politics, war, history, theory, philosophy, karl, marx, marxism, socialism

Abstract
This paper explains that realism, liberalism, and radicalism assert that the state should promote the best interests of a specific group above all else: For realists, the interests of the state are paramount; for liberals, individual and, for radicals, the interests of the majority should be promoted above both the interests of the state and the interests of individuals. The author points out that the differences dictate the way war is viewed: For realists, war is necessary when it is in the best interests of the state; for liberals, war is never in the best interests of the individual and, for radicals, international war is usually not in the best interests of the majority, but civil war in the form of violent revolution is very much in the majority's interests. The paper concludes that the best ways of engaging in or avoiding international conflict can be deduced from each of these general principles.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Realism
Liberalism
Radicalism
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to the realist view, war is caused when two or more nation-states compete for the same resources. These resources may be of any sort. If all of the nations involved are pursuing their own interests, a conflict-possibly a violent conflict-will inevitably result. When this occurs, it is the state's obligation to fight the war in whatever manner is in the state's best interests. This could involve devoting all of the state's resources to the war, or saving some resources on reserve if a drawn-out war is expected. When it is no longer in the state's best interests to fight the war, it must surrender or use another method for the cessation of hostility."

Tags:state, individuals, marx, laissez-faire, political-expediency

Abstract
The paper considers Malcolm X's spiritual background and ideology and the origins of his own brand of radicalism. The paper explains why Malcolm X felt it necessary to separate from the Nation of Islam and also reject white society and its conventions. The paper shows how Malcolm X offered an alternative outside of the prevailing social context, and in that he was a separatist. Finally, the paper discusses how he used education as the basis of his radicalism, to introduce his spiritual ideology of self-love within the black race.

From the Paper
"What most people define as radical, and why they labeled Malcolm X radical, differs from the means by which he defined his own Radicalism. However, Malcolm X himself was known as radical, and it is very interesting to examine the notion of radicalism as it related to Malcolm X, and is insightful in revealing the fundamental principles of who Malcolm X was, and what his true objectives in life were. Research reveals a difference between common perceptions of Malcolm X regarding his radicalism, and the actual reality and aims of that radicalism thereof. Research reveals that this radicalism is rooted in a spiritual ideology that Malcolm always maintained, not only in separating from white society but from separating from the existing norms of Black Muslim Radicalism, giving rise to his own bard not only of radicalism, but of life philosophy and humanitarian ideals that he supported in the final year of his life, which ended when he was assassinated by three Black Muslim gunmen on February 12, 1965."

Tags:spirituality, ideology, Nation, of, Islam, separation, whites

Abstract
Niccolo Machiavelli is often credited with either advocating republicanism or despotism. This paper argues that he was first and foremost advocating radical revolution for a potential Italian state. By comparing Machiavelli's writings in "The Discourses" and "The Prince" with the works of Max Weber, Freidrich Nietzshe, Vladimir Lenin and Napoleon Bonaparte, this paper displays the radicalism advocated in his 16th century works. Furthermore, it links an important level of influence between Machiavelli and the aforementioned authors.

From the Paper
"The creation of a nation-state is the first obstacle in implementing Machiavelli's next more explicit goal, the end of reliance upon foreign mercenaries. As implied, only an Italian state could provide the resources needed to field the manpower requirement to shift from mercenaries to citizen-militias. Machiavelli's ideas about the utility, and experience during the Florentine Republic, of implementing citizen-militia armies was a relatively new notion in Europe. While a shift from medieval knightly warfare began to occur across the continent prior to Machiavelli's writings, the contemporary idea of an entirely conscripted citizen-militias appears to be relatively original. Machiavelli's assumptions seemed logical after his observation of the contemporary Italian situation in which mercenary armies have so defined peninsular warfare. These armies were treated as independent actors and therefore developed new customary rules of engagement. This left the peninsula at a severe disadvantage when it encountered the armies of the other European nation states."

Tags:florence, philosophy, renaissance, republic, sforza

Abstract
This paper discusses American history through a discussion of Gordon S. Wood's book, "The Radicalism of the American Revolution". The paper contends that Wood's reconstruction of the events and social changes leading up to the American Revolution 'shift' the story from one of rage against the King and bloodshed on the soil of the new nation to 'heroic commitment' on the part of Americans to change the monarchy and its paternalism into a republic built on creative new ways to celebrate and define a lifestyle more suitable to free people. The paper also reviews Natalie Zemon Davis's book, "The Return of Martin Guerre," in order to demonstrate different methods of recounting historical stories.

From the Paper
"And while the styles of Davis and Wood are very different - in terms of the recounting of historical events - within the context of the story Davis tells there are two dramatically different approaches to the telling of that tale, albeit the tale has the same plot, characters, setting and themes. The type of approach to the mental world of Bertrande de Rols, the wife who actually collaborated with the imposter Arnaud de Tilh, that Davis offers in her book, Finlay writes, is "radically different" than that of author Jean de Coras' version. This makes a fascinating study into two versions of the same essential story. Coras, on the one hand, was most interested in "the marvelous deception" carried out by Arnaud, and had a "certain admiration" for Arnaud's cunning, Finlay writes (555). Meanwhile, Davis' focus is on the fact that the wife, Bertrande, was actually "Arnaud's accomplice, for she knew that the man claiming to be her husband was a fraud.""

Tags:history, monarchy, paternalism

Abstract
This is an analysis of the book "Radicalism of the American Revolution" by Gordon Wood. It challenges how historians previously viewed the American society having been affected by the Revolution and shows that the society was actually much more swept up in the process than expected.

From the Paper
"We Americans tend to think of our revolution as a tidy one. Well mannered and polite even. Some small spots of messy bloodshed on Bunker Hill perhaps, and all those tea leaves floating around making a mess out there in the Boston Harbor, but altogether a genteel affair. Not like the bloody, awful, soul- and country-destroying excesses of the French Revolution (its closest political cousin), or as bloody, awful soul- and country-destroying as the Russian Revolution or any number of other ones that have come since. We simply told King George that, thanks awfully, but he was no longer needed. But do keep in touch."

Tags:regal, colonial, communalism, society, state, civilized, people, interest, history, fighting

Abstract
This paper examines race, racism and radicalism in the United States in the 1950s. The history of the KKK and other right-wing organizations is outlined. The emergence of the SDLC and SNCC is also examined.

Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that the rejection by America of the traditional sense of dependence, through patriarchal systems on a legal and social level coupled with other issues, may also have been said to predispose the nation to an early sense of citizenship for slaves and eventually women. The writer examines how radical the American Revolution was and notes that, though fights for equality of human rights were not won easily or without resistance, it was still America who led the way in the western world for universal suffrage among women and blacks. The writer concludes that a reasonable argument could be made that the people in this newly formed country had a generational memory of what it was like to be dependant and without voice, and therefore were inclined to eventually break with tradition and allow the un-propertied men, women and freed slaves the right to vote.

From the Paper
"Another issue that was clearly radical, on the part of the Americans was their desire and real attempt to create allies among other European countries, in the very least to find out how other European countries viewed the American rebellion. To most this would seem a concerted effort on the part of the Americans to create early attempts at diplomacy, as if they were acting as an independent nation already. In the end these early attempts at independent diplomacy, a radical notion in and of itself retained foreign aide from France, despite its early misgivings."

Tags:radical, nation, liberty, change

Abstract
A review of Wood's book, which covers the American Revolution and the radical thought that led up to American independence. It explains how Wood indicates where the Americans began to break with the British and how radical thought was common in free Britain, so it is no surprise that American Colonials would continue this type of thought in the New World. It shows how Wood's theories differ from straight history because he looks at the social and economic factors that helped leaders look, first, toward a new Republic and then toward a more radical democracy.

From the Paper
"The author breaks the book down into three main sections that logically follow the steps of the revolution: Monarchy, Republicanism, and Democracy. Within this framework, the author illustrates the differing stages in the American thought process, from breaking with the monarchy, to creating a workable Republic, to finally a democracy that was created for equality for all. Wood's research shows that at this time in American history, Americans were extremely open to change, and they were accepting of anyone who wanted to live in the country. Wood writes, "The truth was, said Thomas Paine in Common Sense, that Americans were the most cosmopolitan people in the world. They surmounted all local prejudices. They regarded everyone from different nations as their countryman" (Wood 223). He feels the ideals Americans used to create their new government may seem "commonplace" today, but at the time they were "momentously radical" at the time (Wood ix). The author uses a variety of research and evidence to reach his conclusions, from papers and books to library research and peer-reviewed journals and thesis. It is clear the author used every available resource to conduct his study, and wanted this book to represent the most exhaustive research on this topic, so there would be no questioning of his results."

Tags:colonials, americans, social

Abstract
Contends that the Revolution was uncompromising and radical. Radicalism based on a full and complete severing of any formal governmental relationship with England. Belief that Americans should control their own destinies. British Colonial rule; taxes and restraints. Social mobility and rising middle class of the American Colony. Ideas of the Revolutionary leaders.

From the Paper
"The Radicalism of the American Revolution

Introduction
One of the more intriguing questions in the field of American history is this: How radical was the American Revolution? Historian George Wood believes that the true radicalism of the American Revolution lay in its destruction of an older hierarchical order, i.e., the monarchy, and the development of an entirely new set of normative social relationships that were not primarily dependency relationships, with people tied together by patronage, blood, and kinship.. With few exceptions, Wood was for many years alone in his belief that the American Revolution was a very radical revolution indeed; many other historians saw the Revolution as an essentially conservative rejection not of monarchy per se, but of the ..."