Abstract This paper examines the terrible disease of tuberculosis and its spread in the 18th and 19th century In Europe. It details the disease's symptoms and their treatment as well as the discovery of anti-tuberculous drugs. Furthermore, it gives a valid comparison of the prevalence of tuberculosis amongst the populations of the UnitedStates and South Korea and studies the statistical data of these two very different countries. It concludes that better living conditions can bring down the amount of people sick with TB.
From the Paper "Tuberculosis is a communicable disease that usually affects the respiratory system but can infect any other system of the body. It is transmitted by droplet infection in the air from a person with the active disease. The pathogens are bacteria known commonly as Mycobacterium Tuberculi. Tuberculosis was a fatal disease in the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent all over Europe even in the well off classes. With the discovery of Streptomycin and other anti-tuberculous drugs, along with strict health regimens and isolation procedures the more developed nations managed to control this epidemic by the 20th century. Underdeveloped countries however were still a source of the infection and it was endemic in many third world nations."
Tags: Tuberculosis, United, States, South, Korea, HIV, disease, air, living, conditions, underdeveloped, countries
Abstract This paper documents the rise and fall of the First Bank of the UnitedStates created in 1791. It describes the major criticism of the bank, how it interfered with the development of the banking system and economic growth. It explains how the Second Bank of the UnitedStates rose from the demise of the First Bank, and what caused the closure of the Second Bank.
Tags: Central bank, first bank of the unitedstates, second bank of the unitedstates, implied powers, constitutional law, madison, hamilton, washington, fiscal policy, inflation, veto
Abstract This paper describes the central monetary system of the UnitedStates government in the form of the Federal Reserve Bank. The paper examines the function of the bank and it's governing members and committees. The paper details the concepts and economic responsibilities of the bank and highlights its historic policies.
From the Paper "The major institution of centralized monetary policy in the United States is the Federal Reserve Bank ? which has been much in the news lately as it has continued to drop the discount rate. To understand why it has taken the actions that it has during this calendar year and to understand the relationship between the Federal Reserve Bank, a centralized monetary policy and fluctuations in interest we must in fact focus on the central bank ? or the Fed, as it is nearly universally called, even by those who never even think about investing in the world of high finance."
Tags:united, states, federal, reserve, bank, centralized, monetary, policy, ecomony, central, inflation, Clinton, Bush
Abstract This paper looks at the underlying trends of each population growth factor separately, particularly the immigration factor. It includes several graphs and in-depth data of the population in the UnitedStates as a whole as well as divided into sectors. It gives an historical overview of the Hispanic immigration from its origin until the present day. Finally, it concludes that the Hispanic population will continue to grow rapidly into the largest minority group due to their immigration and birth rate.
From the Paper "Researchers in demographics have persistently foretold that the rapidly growing Hispanic population would inevitably develop into the leading minority group in the United States. Updated data released from the 2000 census reveal that this belief is fast approaching actualisation. The data indicates that America's Hispanic population grew by 58% during the 1990s, putting Hispanics practically equal with African Americans as the country's biggest minority group. Most demographers predicted that the Hispanic population would equal or exceed African Americans by 2005. But that may occur sooner than initially anticipated. (Travierso, Maria. 2001, 1) How has this approaching dominance among minorities occurred and what does this mean to the U.S. population at large?"
Tags: Hispanic, United, States, census, 2000, population, minority, demographics
Abstract This paper examines 20th century developments pertaining to the UnitedStates and China. The paper discusses how the philosophical position of each nation acts as a guiding principle when domestic agendas are decided upon and how these in turn reflect on international relations.
From the Paper "The United States and China have long eyed one another from across an ideological chasm that has at times appeared unbridgeable. Throughout the 20th century, domestic trends within each nation have diverged such that little common ground appeared to exist between them. Indeed for much of the 20th century, Chinese isolationism reinforced a communist agenda that did not recognize key properties intrinsic to Western society, among them religious freedom, capitalist business practices and a generally individualistic disposition."
Abstract This essay examines the history of immigration and presents a time sequence of cultures immigrating to the UnitedStates. It also analyzes the challenges each group encountered and what impact they had on this country. Also discussed are the pros and cons of immigration and the furture of immigration.
From the Paper "One thing that makes the United States different from any other country in the world, is that all the people who live here are immigrants or descendants of immigrants. The reasons people emigrate from other countries is that the United States offers opportunity and a chance for growth and economic gain. In addition, many were driven by war, famine, economic hardship, persecution and environmental changes."
Abstract The UnitedStates Patriot Act was passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives soon after the attacks of 9/11 and was initially designed as one of the governmental measures taken in the fight against terrorism. The author contends that the measures stipulated in the act generated massive debates over whether or not the Patriot Act abridges essential freedom. The paper examines the measures and powers given to authorities by the act. The writer discusses the effects of these measures on the UnitedStates as a democratic nation.
From the Paper "Through the Patriot Act the US government can constantly monitor any terrorism suspect and the people that he interacts with. For example, any phone that might at one point be used by a terrorism suspect can be legally supervised indefinitely and so even those that have no relation with a terrorist suspect and simply use a public phone or accidentally come in contact with a terrorist suspect can be supervised and their phone can be monitored. The biggest concern is that the government will have easier access to personal information of any citizen and that there is no guarantee that that personal information will not be used against individuals. There is a great risk of allowing governmental agencies easy and hidden access to private information as this would permit a great amount of unwanted control of governmental agencies over private life."
Tags: power security police spy snoop investigate, civil liberties, free speech, freedom totalitarian state government
Abstract Homelessness remains one of America's most complicated and important social issues and is a devastating experience for families. It disrupts virtually every aspect of family life, damaging the physical and emotional health of family members interfering with children's education and development and frequently resulting in the separation of family members. This paper provides an overview of causes and consequences of homelessness among three of the largest homeless population in the UnitedStates; families with children, the mentally ill and veterans.
From the Paper "In the last 15 years, the United States has seen a tremendous growth in the percentage of the homeless population. One of the fastest growing segments of the homeless population is families with children. Families with children constitute approximately 40% of people who become homeless. A survey of 30 U.S. cities found that in 1998, children accounted for 25% of the homeless population. Families have become much more diverse than the conventional nuclear family. The make up of homeless people has also become more diverse and now includes a larger proportion of homeless families. Families have changed due to the decline in marriages, increased births outside marriage, lower birth rates, and higher rates of divorce and relationship breakdown. Homeless families include single parent families, headed mainly by women, couples with children and couples without children. The U.S. Census indicates that families, single mothers, and children make up the largest group of people who are homeless in rural areas."
Tags: causes, families, homeless, homelessness, states, united, veterans
Abstract The paper gives a brief explanation of the Second Amendment of the Constitution of the UnitedStates. The paper discusses its history, related court interpretations and legislation. The following issues are addressed in the paper: The National Rifle Association's view on the second amendment, the rule of adherence to precedent, whether the Second Amendment applies to the federal or state level and if it protects only state militias or individual rights. The paper also looks at gun ownership and homicide rates from 1970 to1990.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "There have been numerous cases involving the Second Amendment but not too many have made it to the law of the land, the Supreme Court of the United States. Busch (2003) discusses the major Supreme Court cases involving the Second Amendment, while focusing on the impact the United States v Emerson (as cited in Busch, 2003) case had on the right to bear arms. Busch (2003) notes that after the Supreme Court case of United States v Miller (as cited in Busch, 2003), a large part of lower federal courts interpret the protection of the Second Amendment as a collective right and not an individual right. Busch (2003) also notes that the Supreme Court has yet to clearly state whether the Second Amendment is collective or individual. A collective right means that it applies only to the federal government. An individual right means that it only applies to state government."
Tags: well regulated militia, state militias, individual rights, supreme court cases
Abstract The end of the nineteenth century is seen as an era of trust busting under President Roosevelt and the Progressives. This was an era in which industry was subject to increasingly strict regulation in an effort to preserve the competitive marketplace. The following discussion will explore this issue: In what way and to what extent was business regulated in the UnitedStates during the nineteenth century? An issue of secondary importance will also be considered: In what way did nineteenth century regulation of business foreshadow the manner in which business is currently regulated at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Abstract This paper describes the lobbying process in the UnitedStates Congress. It looks at the origins of lobbying, the purpose of lobby groups, what kinds of institutions and organizations compose a lobby group, and how lobbying efforts and the lobbying process has changed over time. The paper also looks at global lobby groups and the influence that lobbyists exert on the U.S. Congress in general.
From the Paper "Lobbying is the practice and profession of influencing governmental decisions, and is carried out by agents who represent the concerns of special interests to legislators and administrators.1 The term first originated in the 1830's, when representatives of interest groups tended to congregate in the lobbies of Congress and state legislatures, however, the term is now used in a broader sense to include attempt to influence any governmental actions.2 Lobbying in the United States today has become an accepted an ubiquitous part of the political system. Although federal and state legislators are technically representatives of geographical areas, they spend a great deal of their time with lobbyists, and at times are responding to interest groups rather than to their constituents, to the degree that legislation drafted by lobbyists is sometimes introduced."
Abstract This paper examines the similarities and differences between cultural racism in the UnitedStates and Europe. It discusses the strength of racism in both regions and the fact that in many cases it seems to be on the rise. The paper then looks at current efforts to control racism through legislation, but suggests that this will be ineffectual when there is a base cultural support for racisim.
From the Paper "With such vigilance and fervor against racism, one must ask why it not only persists but seems to be thriving in Europe. In the United States, First Amendment protections allow citizens to organize and talk about nearly anything they'd like, including racist ideology. Combined with tensions over immigration, fear of people of Middle Eastern descent, and a standing racism with African Americans, it is little wonder that the United States not only has a history of racism but also a strong culture of racism. In Europe, however, many believe that legal prohibitions against racism and hate speech should be enough to protect ethnic minorities from racism and create a more egalitarian society. Unfortunately, Europe's record on racism is no better than the United States' (Kudnani, 1998). Tensions over immigration, rising populism, and antagonism toward Jews and Arabs all feed into a healthy subculture of racism. The conclusion we must draw from this is that racism cannot be dealt with on a political or legal level, but must be examined on a cultural level. Racism is rooted in a desire to protect members of one's own culture from outside threats. That this desire to protect manifests as racism is an unfortunate result."
Abstract This paper explains that, while there have been great improvements in the condition of racism in the UnitedStates, there is still much racism to be overcome. The author points out that the Civil Rights movements throughout history have served to open many doors for African Americans; even 50 years of desegregation has not served to eliminate the vast poverty or lower levels of overall quality of life for the African-American populations. The paper stresses that perhaps the most glaring example of the racism still in existence today can be seen in the judicial system in America; an examination of over 2,000 murder cases in Georgia showed clearly that the death penalty was more likely to be sought by prosecutors if the victim of the crime was white.
From the Paper "As early as the 1860's, the civil rights movement was beginning to slowly take form. With the end of the Civil War, and with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment, which guaranteed protection of citizens, and the Fifteenth Amendment, which barred voting restrictions, the issue of civil rights came to the forefront. Yet the so called "freedoms" gained through the passage of the Amendments were quickly doused by "scientific" ideas that whites were supreme, and by state governments enacting numerous laws to severely restrict suffrage in the South. Through the combination of local, state and federal government, racial segregation began to emerge as a result. In addition, group such as the Klu Klux Klan formed to show white supremacy and began to emerge in both the north and the south, further limiting the freedoms of the African Americans."
This paper is an analysis of the development of the European Union following the Second World War as seen by T. R. Reid in his book "The UnitedStates of Europe".
Abstract The paper is an examination and review of T.R. Reid's book "The UnitedStates of Europe". The author of the paper contends that for the greater part of the 20th century following World War II, Europe has sought to rebuild, reorganize and remake itself into a viable economic force in the modern world and that Reid's book helps us understand the process that the continent of Europe has undergone. The writer focuses primarily on Reid's description and analysis of the development of the European Union as a force for social and economic development.
From the Paper "During the early 20th century the continent of Europe was subjected to two devastating conflicts. Historians would dub these conflicts as World War I and World War II. Never before had the world seen such death and destruction, all in a span of 30 years. From the smoking rubble and bloody carnage, that was Europe following World War II, was born the idea of a United Europe. This inspiration was born and brought forth by a group of visionaries that today are celebrated for their ideas and achievements. The visionaries that I speak of, some already lauded for their wartime accomplishments were none other than Winston Churchill, the former Prime Minister of Britain, Robert Schumann, an infamous French underground fighter, who would later also become Prime Minister of France and a little known brandy salesman whose name was Jean Monnet."
Tags: world war europe union socialism, winston churchill, robert schumann, jean monnet, maastricht treaty
Abstract This paper explains that, defying a cynical Europe regarding its independence, the U.S. from 1789 to 1859 aggressively expanded from thirteen coast-bound states to a nation stretched from sea-to-sea. The author points out that, based on the concept of the Manifest Destiny, Americans believed that the westward expansion was not just a national endeavor but the will of God. The paper stresses that the economic, political and social characteristics of the U.S. changed dramatically as the country emerged from an agrarian economy in the early 19th century to become an industrialized, capitalist giant by the beginning of the Civil War. The author underscores that, in these seventy years, the UnitedStates government changed from a rigid club of the elite to a political system garnered towards the common, if only white and male, citizens.
From the Paper "Due to British blockades, Americans forcibly developed their first industries. The tremendous effect on the British production system was also seen in America. The new creation of goods and specialization of tasks over a broad population saw a surge in the population of cities. Although the Jeffersonian yeoman held on tight, the urban population in the United States then grew from 6 percent to 20 percent of the total population, the highest rate of urbanization in the nation's history. This dramatic movement spawned a new social order based in the cities, where the workers lived for wages from a boss."
