Abstract
The writer discusses that although many Canadians are proud of living in the only country in the world that embraces multiculturalism as an official policy, the truth of the matter seems to be that many minorities still experience racist discrimination in various spheres of Canadian life. This literature review examines the literature on the subject of racism in Canadian education, to ascertain whether racism is in fact a problem in Canadian schools. A good place to start the literature review is to look at the broad picture of racism in Canada, and in particular at the theoretical concepts and discourses that have been used to examine this issue.

From the Paper
"Beiser et al. researched the effects and levels of stressors facing refugee Southeast Asian children in their new Canadian schools. They point out that many other studies have concluded that one of the most intense stresses such children have to cope with is the stress of fitting into these schools."

Tags:racism, education, canada

Abstract
This paper presents a review of empirical literature on the topic of racism and violence. The literature addresses theories of racism and violence, including a discussion of ethnicity. The paper also explores ways to cope with exposure to racism and violence.

Tags:racism, violence, ethnicity

Abstract
This paper focuses on early works of African-American literature by Toni Morrison and Richard Wright, viewed through the lens of Ross Posnock's "Color and Culture: Black Writers and the Making of Modern Intellectual." The paper explains that early black literature was often viewed by white society as anomalous representations of limited scope, and that to receive any publishable option in the US, black writers and thinkers had to find white intellectuals or high-ranking society members to testify in print, as a prelude to the work, that it had been written by the black individual who claimed it. The paper asserts that both the Morrison and the Wright works demonstrate that social change, through the economy of legitimate society, is the real nature of the oppression of blacks. The paper concludes that the challenges of the system and the fact that racism is perpetuated by an economy of oppression demonstrate that each work is an attempt to illustrate the pervasive inequality that goes far beyond identity and constitutional sentiment and represents the reality of black life, even today.

From the Paper
"Within each of these works are both minor and major themes of resistance, as well as themes of overcoming helplessness in the face of stark racism. The demonstrative line of both is an interesting economic emphasis, interwoven into the fabric of individual character building and observations. The example I find pertinent in both works is the position of the exploitive and fierce landlord. In Song of Solomon, the landlord is Macon Jr., a wealthy, cruel black man who is riding on the backs of his brothers to accumulate wealth. While in Native Son the wealthy landlord, also riding on the backs of poor blacks is Mr. Dalton a white man who views himself as a philanthropist while he segregates and overcharges his black tenants in a racist system of oppressive economy."

Tags:racism, inequality, intellectualism, writing

Abstract
This is the revised outline for a literature review that includes the introduction, the issue of immigration and racism, acculturation, and the role and function of the Hispanic family.

From the Paper
"I. Introduction A. Recaps purpose and thesis statement 1. Parenting guidelines for Hispanic families must take into account the unique experiences of the Hispanic community in the U.S. II. Racism, its forms, and its psychological Effects A. The adversity of a "boot strap mentality" culture B. Structural Racism 1. Barrera and his Internal Colonial Model of Racism (Structural) 2. Structural Racism and the arguments made in Darder, Torres and..."

Tags:outline, literature, review

Abstract
The paper explores how Walt Whitman's works espouse or express his views on racism. In particular, the paper notes that Whitman cannot be easily categorized as either a "racist" or as a progressive thinker who thought beyond race; instead, he internalized the Eurocentric and "white-centric" paradigms of his time whilst simultaneously also admiring the physical beauty of African-Americans and by giving them a stature and an agency that was not granted them in most of the literature of the age.

From the Paper
"The next several pages look at Walt Whitman's view of racism in America by exploring how his works espouse or express his views on racism. In particular, the paper notes that Whitman cannot be easily categorized as either a "racist" (at least in the most invidious sense) or as a progressive thinker who thought beyond race; instead, he internalized the Eurocentric and "white-centric" paradigms of his time whilst simultaneously also admiring the physical beauty of African-Americans and by giving them a stature and an agency that was not granted them in most of the literature of the age. Yet, to confuse matters, he was also an..."

Tags:walt, whitman, racism

Abstract
This literary study analyzes the morality and racial issues that arise within three works by James Baldwin. By analyzing "Go Tell It On the Mountain", "Another Country", and "Going to Meet the Man", one can realize the victimization that racism places within the philosophy of Baldwin's characters. By understanding these characters within a white racist environment, the premise for victimization within a racist construct is brought forth through an African-American perspective. The evolutionary basis of victimization in "Go Tell It on the Mountain" by James Baldwin relates the story of a young man, John Grimes, who must learn to abide by a religious moral standard in his life. The victimization of this tale is conveyed through a moral idiom, as both of John's parents have led lives of betrayal and infidelity.

Tags:baldwin, race, literature

Abstract
This essay looks at three sources of First Nations literature to consider themes of racism, exclusion, classism, social justice and violence within Native communities. It uses First Nations literature as a tool to diagnose the malaise of North American society, not only in a contemporary setting but also in relation to the histories of subjugation that have marked Aboriginal interaction with White culture.

From the Paper
"The term `First Nations literature' refers to the poems, novels, stories, plays, legends and songs created by Aboriginal writers from North America. Such works are characterized by the influence of an oral tradition, and for the most part have been located far outside the mainstream of Western literature. To date, very few First Nations texts have been included among the commonly accepted `great works' of English literature. This absence is likely tied to the poor education historically received by Aboriginal youth, including residential schooling and limitations on..."

Tags:aboriginal, literature, critique

Abstract
This paper discusses the idea of a racial shadow as is described in the book, "Reading Asian-American Literature" by Sau-ling Cynthia Wong. The paper examines Wong's opinion that many Asian-Americans are pulled in two directions at once and thus have a psychological, bipolar split. This desire to blend into the American culture is common in many Asian-American literary works, and the paper presents examples from a few of them.

From the Paper
"Wong uses the term Doppleganger, which is a derivation of the German 'double walker,' a spiritual double or matching part of a living person. It is believed by many people that somewhere on this planet everyone has an identical unrelated double. Sometimes the Dopplegangers have the same interests and behaviors; other times, the two are in direct opposition to one another. If they should meet, says the myth, they will both die. The authors and characters in the above-mentioned Asian-American novels, who have both beings or Dopplegangers living within the same body, are especially affected. They cannot hope to forever stay clear of their double and get on with life. The double or racial shadows will live internally and either be a source of strength and support or of weakness and destruction depending on how the other handles the duality."

Tags:culture, integration, racism

Abstract
This paper looks at how Alice Walker, following the great tradition of African-American literature, has been considered one of the women writers who fought to "break the barrier" that divides African-Americans from other races and women from men in a dominantly white American and patriarchal society, respectively. In particular, it examines how, due to the extraordinary themes and powerful characterization of Celie, the main character in "The Color Purple", Walker has become one of America's most prolific African-American women writers.

From the Paper
"What makes Walker successful in portraying the lives of African-American women? As reflected in The Color Purple, Walker sought to confront the primary issues and problems that African-American women (and women in general) experience during her time that is, the issues of racial, gender, and socio-economic discrimination within African-American communities and the society. These issues include the racial discrimination against (by the dominant white American society) and among African-Americans; gender conflict between males and females, particularly in the struggle for power and dominance; repression of women through poverty; and coping with physical and emotional abuse, self-discovery, and lesbianism."

Tags:celie, racism, discrimination

Abstract
This paper examines sexism, racism and children's literature. Like all literature, children's literature reflects the dominant culture of its origin. This means that many 'classics' of children's literature contain unacceptable bias. This paper examines three examples of this situation.