Abstract
This paper critically examines Canadian law - both criminal justice law and broader policy legislation - with respect to the issue of racism. Through this process, the paper confronts the popular myth that while Canadian laws may have possessed racist elements in the past, in contemporary Canada the law mandates and supports anti-racist policies and practices. In this context, the paper shows that there is actually an extraordinary degree of continuity in the underlying fundamentals of Canadian law with respect to issue of race.

From the Paper
"This essay will critically examine Canadian law - both criminal justice law and broader policy legislation - with respect to the issue of racism. Through this process, the paper will interrogate the popular myth that while Canadian laws may have possessed racist elements in the past, in contemporary Canada the law mandates and supports anti-racist policies and practices. In this context, the thesis will be argued - from within the theoretical framework of democratic racism - that there is actually an..."

Tags:racism, canada, history

Abstract
This paper examines the general divide, as well as proposing support for one particular aspect of this rather general issue, which is that of the racism inherent in the American state execution system, hereafter referred to as 'death row'. This paper explains that, especially in Texas and some other Southern states such as Georgia, but arguably anywhere, minorities are relegated to an inferior social status due to racist out-group thinking in terms of cultural authority; this racism is at work. The writer points out that the over-representation of minorities on death row is worth examining as a symptom of many problems in the system, including those of cleared cases and ones still pending. The functional racism of the death penalty is illustrated in several examples and other issues of concern it raises within legal scholarship.

From the Paper
"The history of the death penalty is long and too complicated to recount in terms of cultural differences throughout human history within the present forum. But the death penalty has been used by societies since ancient times, for various crimes ranging in magnitude and the severity of harm involved. Generally societies that were based on scriptural rules regarding the death penalty for various crimes had their civil codes and
laws. There has been an observed racial divide within the U.S. in terms of death penalty cases since independence, depending largely on the societal implications of a racially oppressive legal culture that was guided by principles of universal human freedom. Other systems have their own histories of racial oppression through unequal colonialist
legal systems."

Tags:crime, punishment, texas, death, row, capital

Abstract
Examines the premise that beliefs about race and culture negatively effect African Americans and the relationship between America's history of legal racism and the disproportionate number of blacks in lower socio-economic levels.

From the Paper
"This paper seeks to test the basic hypothesis that Black defendants receive disparate treatment in America's criminal justice system. Many scholars have written about and studied the ..."

Abstract
This paper assesses whether the legal system promotes or hinders the concept of social justice, using the specific criterion of juveniles. The paper argues that the legal system has largely negative consequences on the establishment and maintenance of social justice primarily due to the fact that the two conceptions differ in the way they conceptualise both the criminal and the crime. The paper also attempts to show that the possibilities of allowing social justice to flourish are evident, provided they are engrained into the very system they are attempting to pervade. The contention is made that factors such as restorative justice are pivotal in the possible transformation and that legislative action such as the European Social Charter represents the greatest opportunity to bring this end about. The paper also discusses how on both an individual and collective level, social workers have the opportunity to play a central role in the debate.

From the Paper
"The legal systems' approach to juvenile crime in Britain has undergone a variety of changes during the last thirty years. During the 1970s it was felt that the criminal justice system had virtually no impact on limiting the possibilities of future criminal offending. As such, the criminal justice system attempted to a large extent to avoid placing juveniles in custodial based institutions (Maguire et al, 2007). However, during the 1980s and early 1990s such considerations came under sustained pressure. The social fabric of society began to alter substantially during this time and therefore, previous societal norms could no longer be relied upon. A new generation of young people were growing up, which for the first time included a small though vocal element of offenders who took little or no notice of the legal provisions in place. It was felt that a tougher stance from the law was required in order to halt this new wave of youth crime (Maguire et al, 2007). "

Tags:European, Social, Charter, offenders, punishment

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Nuremberg Laws in Germany with the Jim Crow Laws in the United States. It discusses each of these areas of racial regulation in turn and then further examines the subtle distinctions and clear practical differences between the dangerous racism upon which each of these legal systems was based. The paper includes APA style footnotes but does not include a bibliography.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Jim Crow Laws in the United States and Nuremberg Laws in Germany
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Similarities in Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws' Regulation of Interracial Relationships and Underlying Legislative Intent
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Contrast within in the Nuremberg and Jim Crow Laws on Interracial Relationships
Segregation in Education: Further Parallels in the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
Segregation in Education: Contrasting Aspects of the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: Similar Laws and Practices Causing "Civil Death" of African-Americans in the United States and Jews in Nazi Germany
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: The Final Solution and the Purely Aryan State, and Further Examples of Where Nuremberg and Jim Crow Differ
Conclusion

From the Paper
"This huge disparity can be best explained by referring back to one of the most predominant differences in the purposes of the racially hierarchical systems in place in each country. The Jim Crow laws were passed because Southern state lawmakers were struggling to protect and preserve the white supremacy that they had always lived with, and prevent African-American advancement as a necessary part of this objective. Yet in Germany, the Nazi party's goal was always the total extermination of all undesirables, including Jews, and the legislative deprivation of citizenship was at least in some respects merely a means to that end. Finally, to go along with this fundamental difference, there is one last similarity between the racial laws of these countries: the painful memories of both the Holocaust and the Jim Crow era, and all of the violations of rights, liberties and freedoms that comprised both of these experiences, are certainly still fresh in the recollection of all nations involved, and are still highly prominent historical issues today even as those who lived through these events are increasingly no longer with us."

Tags:aryan, Nazi, slavery, race, holocaust

Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the issue of racial profiling in law enforcement. In Part II, the history and arguments surrounding allegations of racial profiling are discussed. Part III examines the common traits of effective racial-profiling legislation. Finally, this paper concludes with recommendations for ending racial profiling and for implementing effective racial-profiling legislation.

From the Paper
"Racial profiling is one of the most controversial issues facing law enforcement today. Whether police officers deliberately stop, question, search, or arrest certain individuals based solely on their race or ethnicity is increasingly being debated by civil rights groups, law enforcement officials, ordinary citizens, and politicians. Scandals involving informants and police officers who planted drugs and other evidence on certain individuals in California, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Philadelphia, Texas, and Washington state have resulted in numerous criminal cases and sentences being dismissed, reduced, or suspended."

Tags:racial, law, police, criminal, justice, system, legal, discrimination

Abstract
This paper discusses the film, "Who Killed Vincent Chin", and the message it contains about America's tendency to perpetuate stereotypes and racist attitudes regarding the Asian-American community. The paper looks at some of the reasons why stereotypes persist, the serious consequences of racial hatred, and the inadequacy of the American legal system to address the problems that racism creates.

From the Paper
"The film Who Killed Vincent Chin? tells a story that on the one hand is too common in American society--a young man gets into a fight at a bar and is killed. Alcohol and testosterone create such tragedies virtually every day. This particular instance was different because it had an economic and racial component suggesting that Vincent Chin was killed by two white men because of their resentment at the loss of jobs in the auto industry to Asian, and specifically Japanese, auto manufacturers. The film tells this story and suggests that the broader issues are highly relevant and in some sense make us all guilty of killing Vincent Chin, guilty for perpetuating stereotypes and racist attitudes and for creating the climate where this sot of crime could occur."

Tags:ebens, nitz, yellow, peril, laundryman, democratic, discrimination, ethnicity, cultural, groups

Abstract
The essay explores the legal positivist separation thesis. It approaches the question of whether it is possible to separate law and morality from two aspects- first, the content of the law and secondly, the judicial decision making process. The writer makes reference to the policy of removing part-Aboriginal children from their families and communities, and placing them in special purpose institutions to support his argument.

From the Paper
"It has been described as ;arguably the most tragic and shameful chapter in Australia";s history.; From the late nineteenth century to the late 1960's, Australian governments carried out the policy of removing part-Aboriginal children from their families and communities, placing them in special purpose institutions. Often, these removals were carried out by force. The purpose of this removal policy was to assimilate the part-Aboriginals with the white community as the full-blooded Aboriginals were believed to be a doomed race in the sense that they would die out. A large number of the children suffered physical and emotional mistreatment following the removal from their families. The children who were removed under this policy came to be known as ";the stolen generation" This sets the backdrop against which I will discuss whether it is possible to separate law and morality with respect to the Australian court"s law making power.4 The separation of law and morality is the foundation of legal positivism. Positivists often criticize natural law theorists for blurring the line between law and morals. This essay aims, by examining three stolen generation cases, to illustrate that the separation of law and morality is both possible and impossible, depending on how one defines the phrase ";separation of law and morality."

Tags:aboriginees, australia, children, generation, indigenous, law, legal, morality, positive, racism, stolen, system

Abstract
The paper analyzes the practice by law enforcement officials known as racial profiling, where individuals are routinely detained based on skin color as opposed to a just cause. The paper provides the argument of law enforcement that profiling is effective but also includes the arguments of opponents of racial profiling.

From the Paper
"One of the most controversial law enforcements techniques is known as racial profiling. Racial profiling is defined as any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry or place of origin rather than on reasonable suspicion to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment."

Tags:terrorism, Middle-Easterners, African Americans, prejudice, racism, abuse, justice, public administration, legal system

Abstract
This paper offers three learning modules that are based on different sections of the autobiography of Nelson Mandela, "Long Walk To Freedom". The modules focus on various aspects of Mandela's liberation struggle leadership, including his years in the ANC, his trials for treason and his imprisonment for nearly three decades.

From the Paper
"These sections of Mandela's autobiography demonstrate that more than diving into liberation politics, the leader stumbled into freedom fighting. As he explains, "I had no epiphany, no singular revelation, no moment of truth, but a steady accumulation of a thousand slights, a thousand indignities, a thousand unremembered moments produced in me an anger, a rebelliousness, a desire to fight the system that imprisoned my people." Working as a lawyer with his longtime friend, Oliver..."

Tags:Apartheid, South Africa, blacks, racism, segregation, discrimination, legal system, family