Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that racism is an insidious social problem that has its roots so far back that defining when such issues came to be would be impossible. Furthermore, the writer points out that there is a great deal of idealism surrounding the current state of racism in Western society. The writer maintains that many people are under the mistaken impression that it does not occur any longer, or when it does, uneducated and backward outsiders usually perpetrate acts of racism. This proposal demonstrates a need to have a better understanding of the occurrence of racism on the college campuses in the United States. The writer suggests a study that assesses the identification of both subtle and overt acts of racism that minority students experience daily.

Outline:
Introduction
Subjects of Study
Ethical Consideration
Measurement
Data Collection Methods
Analysis
References

From the Paper
"Fox's work discusses the difficult nature of discussing race in a college setting, as facing the realities of racism in an open environment can be charged and even emotionally debilitating to all who are involved, but her particular point is the stress it places on the instructor, who is given the task of mediating often deeply held beliefs, that are in conflict with the real people involved. Challenges to open, honest and still civil conversations about race are many and yet the needs for such conversations are also countless. Race relations in the United States, and elsewhere will not improve if they are ignored, with the well meaning idea that they are innocuous and or non-existent in society today. In another comprehensive work on racism in education, speaking of the secondary education level, and the education system in general in the United States, Donaldson discusses the curriculum trap for minority students."

Tags:campus, racist, minority, oppressed

Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of racism in the United States. The paper states that, while a variety of organizations worked to bring true equality for African-Americans, the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) stands out as an excellent example of "Resource Mobilization Theory", or RMB. The paper examines the SNCC that began with college students who decided they could no longer tolerate segregation policies and began challenging the practice in a variety of ways. The paper describes the organization as a major factor in the fight for African-Americans to gain real social equity with whites.

From the Paper
"The college students who founded SNCC were aware of the racial history of the United States as well as the rest of the world. Throughout much of modern history, those in power, typically Whites in western cultures, identified certain other groups as "races," and used this vie of "racial otherness" (Winant, 2000) to justify their feelings of superiority. Thus many viewed Jews and even Irish as separate races. Singling out African-Americans not only as a separate race but also as an inferior race was aided by the country's policy of allowing slave ownership and trade."

Tags:black, white, equity

From the Paper
"The problem of racism is not specifically an American problem, though Americans have made it into an important political and social issue as they have tried to find a way to eliminate racism from their society. Racism occurs whenever there is a dominant racial group that uses its position to discriminate against a minority racial group on the basis of racial characteristics. Traditionally, discrimination has been seen as a creature of prejudice, and until the late 1960s the dominant perspective among social science analysts of discrimination was that prejudice and intolerance were the causes of discriminatory actions. Other observers have focused on individual racists and have seen the problem as the individual motivated by hatred of a given "outgroup." Still others consider..."

Abstract
The paper discusses the perspective of proponents of affirmative action who believe that affirmative action is not a racial policy but it tries to fix inequalities and provide opportunities for underrepresented or disadvantaged groups. The paper then explains that some colleges have stopped using affirmative action because it advances the notion that minorities need additional assistance to succeed while at the same time is discriminatory towards non-minority students. The paper also asserts that affirmative action allows some minority students entrance to colleges and schools they are not suitable for. The paper suggests that percentage plans will instead allow each student's individual achievements in their environment to determine their future success. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"Cindy Lou with her blonde hair, blue eyes, and milky white skin has been dreaming of getting into her state university since she was a little girl. Cindy Lou studied hard, had a good GPA and an above average SAT score. Unfortunately for her, her state university uses affirmative action to diversify the college. Poor little Cindy Lou was the first Caucasian not accepted in favor of a minority student with less qualifications to meet the schools preferred diversity levels. Is it fair that Cindy Lou was judged on the basis of her skin color by the very policy designed to create better opportunity for minorities that have a different skin color? Or should there be a better way to create diversity in today's colleges than by the use of affirmative action?"

Tags:minorities, reverse, discrimination, percentage, plans, equality, racism, admissions

Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of affirmative action. The paper explores several aspects of its policies and invites colleges and employers to remove the race box from their application processes. The paper also argues that affirmative action takes away the incentive to work hard and get ahead based on merit and ability and replaces it with letting race determine success.

From the Paper
"Affirmative action was said to be a solution to racism. It insured that minorities and women would be afforded opportunities that they otherwise would be turned away from due to their race or gender. Affirmative action placed race boxes on the applications of colleges and employers nationwide and those race boxes alerted the powers that be what race the applicant was(Foxman, 1995). It did not end there. Affirmative action placed quotas on colleges and employers dictating what percentage of their population would be comprised of minorities and women. The affirmative action program was designed to right the wrongs of racism across the nation but what it actually did was deprive millions of people across the nation from earning their rightful place in college and on the job market based on their abilities. "

Tags:segregation, black, equal, opportunity

Abstract
This paper explains that" All That We Can Be" by Charles C. Moskos and John Sibley Butler relates that from the first days of armed combat in colonial times, blacks have fought in the army. Nonetheless, the more than a million blacks serving during WWII were mostly in segregated units. The author stresses that, in 1948, President Truman signed Executive Order 9381, which desegregated all armed services and guaranteed equal treatment and opportunity for all military personnel. The paper stresses that, after the Vietnam War, race relations in the Army moved toward being integrated completely, and systems were put in place to fulfill the promise of equal treatment and opportunity.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Why This Book Was Selected
Why Bother with Questioning Race at All
The History of Blacks in the Army
From before the American Revolution to the Gulf War
The Two Phases of Integration
The Problems Facing the Integration Process
Blacks Come from Poorly Educated Backgrounds
A System for Assigning Jobs to Recruits
Moskos compares the Army to College and the Corrections System
The Army Success with Racism Is Not a Control Issue
Fundamental Problems Show Themselves with the Most Furtive of Glances
The Army Leadership
The Non-Commissioned Officer Corps Is the Backbone of the Army
The Officer Corps Is the Executives of the Army
Specific Programs to Deal with Racism
Equal Opportunity Is a Guarantee
Practical Solutions Can Be Applied to Everyday Situations, Based on
Demand

From the Paper
"In Somalia, an interesting thing occurred. Black soldiers came face to face with their "ancestors". Some watched the scenes carefully for mixed feelings about blacks being on the other end of the rifle of other blacks. Apparently, however, the consensus for Black American troops was that these people were not their ancestors and were not the face in the mirror, but a shadow of the past. Here, in this dictatorship in defense of a democracy, Afro centrism had not found its perch. Being black did not mean and for many, does not mean being a hyphenated person. For many blacks, being an American is enough. In my
opinion, this is because they know and are secure in the knowledge that America was shaped by blacks and the title of American is theirs as much as it is a middle income white boy's from the suburbs of middle America."

Tags:wwii, order, integration, eo, education

Abstract
This paper looks at how organized sports offer players an opportunity to meet a variety of students from different backgrounds and how students from public, private, and parochial schools are brought together in a common enterprise, crossing socioeconomic and ethnic lines, so that all players broaden their sense of how other people live. It hypothesizes that males who participate in collegiate athletics have a more positive attitude towards diversity than males who do not participate on collegiate athletic teams. It examines the validity of this statement in an effort to determine how collegiate sports contribute to players' attitudes toward diversity and how this knowledge can improve general notions about diversity. This research question is addressed through a literature review and a questionnaire that samples both male college athletes and non-athletes.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Statement of the Problem
Participation in College Athletics: An Open Door to Diversity
Potential of College Athletic Community's Model of Diversity
Methodology
Discussion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Attitudes toward diversity and the behavior patterns that accompany these attitudes are likely to affect a student's overall adjustment to a higher education facility since they deal with a student's ability to successfully adapt to new surroundings (Astin, 1982). For example, studies reveal that students who had positive interracial experiences had a tendency to feel more confident about their own achievements and had more positive feelings about the academic environment as a whole than students who did not have positive interracial experiences."

Tags:teams, higher, education, racism, students

Abstract
A look at how affirmative action is a necessary policy in college admissions because it promotes diversity on campus. This paper discusses how a diverse learning community is essential in order to create a well-rounded student. The University of Michigan Supreme Court lawsuits are used to emphasize the main points of this argument.

From the Paper
"Affirmative action, a policy introduced in 1965 by President Johnson, has always been a topic of heated debate. Initially created as a program to give reparations to minorities, especially blacks, for past discrimination, affirmative action is now seen in a slightly different light. These days, the goal of affirmative action is not so much about paying reparations as it is about promoting diversity. Racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic diversity are the basis in the argument for affirmative action, as they provide a richer, more varied, and real-world learning environment for students. Affirmative action, although controversial, is a necessary evil in our society as it is required in order to promote the integration of various ethnicities and races into the melting pot of American society. As the University of Michigan President Mary Sue Coleman stated, ?Our diversity is our strength." "

Tags:diversity, racism, court

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of the "Chief Illiniwek" mascot at the University of Illinois and argues that represents another example of racial impropriety in the US. The paper contends that there is no excuse for using ethnic or cultural groups as mascots, as such depictions perpetuate negative stereotyping.

From the Paper
"Whether or not it is appropriate to use ethnic or cultural mascots is an issue that has proven to be a contentious one on many American college campuses. At the University of Illinois, the use of Illiniwek Chief of the Fighting Illini as the principal mascot at sporting events has garnered much on and off-campus debate and has even attracted the attention of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Ultimately, the issue is racism. That a mascot cannot by nature be taken seriously is itself an indictment of the..."

Tags:University of Illinois, Chief Illiniwek, mascots, racism

Abstract
This paper cites and details the findings of the anti-harassment officer for Northern Community College in a case involving a student and an instructor. First, the officer explains the issues in the case at hand, and then describe the relevant principles that have informed his adjudication process. Finally, the paper delivers his decision.

From the Paper
"As the anti-harassment officer for Northern Community College, it is my duty to rule on the case of the student (referred referred to here as Mr. X), and the instructor (referred to here as Prof. Y). I will first explain the issues in the case at hand, and then describe the relevant principles that have informed my adjudication process. Finally, I will deliver my decision. The Issues: In this situation, we have the difficult problem of weighing up the rights of a student against the rights of an instructor. As pointed out by Morris..."

Tags:equity, disability, racism