Abstract
The paper explores the balancing of the due process and equal protection guarantees contained in the 4th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution. The paper studies the conviction of a small time drug dealer and describes his appeal that he was a victim of racial profiling. The paper uses this to show how the balancing of civil liberties and public safety is a tough question for the courts.

From the Paper
"Racial profiling is a rallying cry of those that feel they were unjustly stopped by the authorities. It was prevalent during the "War on Drugs" of the 1980's and 1990's, and now it is surfacing in the new conflict of the 21st Century, the "War on Terror". But, the real issues in Criminal Justice are searches, seizures, and admission of evidence to obtain convictions. The attacks of September 11th brought terror to the forefront, but the United States was attacked prior to 9/11, and many other attempts were thwarted. The question is; how to we protect ourselves in a free society? The public is protecting against unreasonable search and seizure by Federal Government by the 4th Amendment and from State and Local governments via the doctrine of "selective incorporation" of the 14th Amendment. (Black 1979)"

Tags:civil, liberties, search, seizure, suspicion, warrant, ethnicity, equal, protection

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of racial profiling. The writer addresses four scenarios and argues for or against their legal and moral foundation based on the 14th amendment of the United States Constitution. In addition to the writer's belief regarding each scenario, we are given key elements of the opposition's argument and the writer's rebuttal to that opposition.

From the paper:

"Following the attacks on America September 11, 2001, there were cries for revenge throughout the nation. Anyone who looked Muslim was endangered as Americans took their anger to the streets. Following the attack there were several instances in which pilots refused to fly planes until Muslim looking passengers were removed and angry residents threatened those who looked like one of "them". The initial rage died down and in its place we were given many new security measures that we have been told are for the good of national security. The measures boil down to legalized racial profiling in some cases. Racial profiling is not a new event. It has been around for many years. Racial profiling goes against everything the constitution of this nation stands for; yet in light of the attacks in New York, Americans are less vocal about it then they have been in the past. Now, instead of denouncing all profiling as unconstitutional and wrong, we find ourselves looking at individual profile scenarios and holding them against the constitution to see if we can slide them through. We have entered a new world since the attacks. It is a world in which we are trying to walk a much thinner line between protecting the safety of those who live here and protecting the constitution."

Tags:racism, profiling, 9/11, constitution, Blacks, Arab, Muslim

Abstract
The paper analyzes the practice by law enforcement officials known as racial profiling, where individuals are routinely detained based on skin color as opposed to a just cause. The paper provides the argument of law enforcement that profiling is effective but also includes the arguments of opponents of racial profiling.

From the Paper
"One of the most controversial law enforcements techniques is known as racial profiling. Racial profiling is defined as any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry or place of origin rather than on reasonable suspicion to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment."

Tags:terrorism, Middle-Easterners, African Americans, prejudice, racism, abuse, justice, public administration, legal system

Abstract
This paper discusses the alarming statistics showing the growth of racial profiling in recent years. The author presents some definitions of racial profiling and uses several cases as examples of how case law and legal interpretations are intensifying the problem by permitting more license to police officers who stop motorists and pedestrians. In an effort to reduce complaints by profiled individuals, some cities, including Los Angeles, Chicago and Detroit, are passing anti-racial profiling ordinances. However, on the national level, the End Racial Profiling Act of 2004 (ERPA) failed to pass. The author concludes that it is unlikely that the problem of racial profiling will be solved soon, given the current concerns with terrorism.

From the Paper
"The Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution includes two major entries to protect citizens against racial profiling: equality and due process. The amendment declares, "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." To focus on a specific group of individuals because of race violates equal protection: The law cannot protect a group of people that is being singled out for investigation. In addition, the Fifth Amendment 's Due Process Clause prohibits the government from making classifications based on race, sex, age, illegitimacy, wealth or any other characteristic and guarantees that all people are treated the same."

Tags:community, legislation, regulation, security, prejudice, Hispanic

Abstract
This paper explains that racial profiling is any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity or national origin; rather than being based on the behavior of an individual or on information that a particular individual is or has been engaged in criminal activity. The author points out that racial profiling is one of the most pressing civil right issues of our time because it extends beyond the direct victim to affect negatively all persons of color of all generations and income levels, undermines the legitimacy of the criminal justice system and hinders effective policing in communities, which need it the most. The paper suggests that the solution to the racial profiling controversy may lie in the ability to control the discretion of the police such as (1) stops must be initiated for a legitimate reason, (2) must be predicted upon an appropriate legal or policy standard, (3) must be perceived to be effective in the pursuit of a legitimate law enforcement need and (4) the officer's attitudes and behaviors must be perceived by the violator to be legitimate.

Table of Contents
Violates Civil Rights
Undermines Police Community Relations
Unsound Policing
Impact on our Community
Impact on the Law Enforcement Profession
Controlling the Discretion of the Police
Control Consent Searches
Deploy Policing Resources on the Basis of Actual not Perceived Demand
Manage the Leader's Influence and Message
Provide Proactive Training and Education
Use Technology to Document the Policing Process
Actively Seek an Avenue for Changing the Current Law
Pass Prohibitive Statutes that Provide Criminal Penalties
Make the Police More Accountable

From the Paper
"Racial profiling is most commonly associated with driving while black or brown also known as DWB. This practice, however, is not limited to vehicle stops it also extends to other aspects of living in the minority community "walking while black; standing while black; shopping while black." Racial profiling states the cost associated with race related police abuses are significant and include psychological trauma, humiliation and degradation and a decline in the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Police brutality lawsuits and institutional racism cost taxpayers ten millions of dollars."

Tags:traffic, police-initiated, legitimacy, discretion, proactive

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of racial profiling and the current events that are causing a resurgence in the practice. The paper examines the legality of the practice of racial profiling and discusses examples of racial profiling around the world today. The paper concludes that racial profiling should be abolished because it violates the individual's fundamental rights and also betrays the values upon which the US is based.

From the Paper
"The nation's media have been full of accounts of tragic cases of racial profiling. One instance involved Amadou Diallo, an unarmed black man who was shot to death on February 4, 1999, by four New York City police officers who were members of an elite plainclothes police unit designed to clean up the streets through aggressive policing. The officers fired forty-one shots, hitting Diallo nineteen times. The officers saw him standing in the vestibule of his apartment building. Initially, Diallo apparently tried to show the police officers his wallet to prove who he was. During the trial of the four officers, in which they were accused of second-degree murder in addition to other lesser charges, one of the officers' lawyers said his client saw Diallo "reaching into his back pocket, saw this black object come out. My client yelled 'Gun.'" All four officers pled not guilty."

Tags:discrimination, equality, constitution, ethinicity

Abstract
This paper examines the problem of racial profiling and explains that this became more apparent during the War on Drugs and has recently heightened during the War on Terror in the United States. It explains the legal ramifications of this phenomenon and discusses that the law enforcement officials are aware of the problem.

From the Paper
"Racial profiling is a form of racial discrimination targeted toward individuals that are ethnic minorities. Profiling in law enforcement occurs when law enforcement agencies and officials decide to investigate a person, typically a motorist, on suspicion that the person stopped committed an illegal offense, based solely on their ethnicity and racial identity. Many law enforcement agencies have developed "profiles" of individuals most likely to commit illegal crimes, including the possession of drugs or similar contraband. Racial profiling is illegal, yet the practice has been proven and documented as occurring in many state agencies."

Tags:discrimination, crime

Abstract
This paper takes a look at how there is currently a considerable amount of debate and contention about the practice of profiling, particularly with regard to the legal and ethical implications. The paper also reviews the argument that in some cases profiling is necessary in terms of national security.

Outline:
Introduction
Profiling and Prejudice
The Results of Profiling and Discrimination
The Contemporary Problem of Profiling
Conclusion

From the Paper
"A factor that has already been alluded to is that the result of profiling not only increases racial prejudice and social dissention, but that it can also lead to the biased overrepresentation of ethnic groups within the criminal justice system. There are numerous studies that attest to the overrepresentation of Blacks and Hispanics in the criminal system. One report state that there were "...serious findings of systematic unequal treatment of African American and Hispanic Americans and other minorities, as compared to their similarly situated white counterparts within the criminal justice system. "( Dunnaville C. 2000) Another important aspect of the study was that these disparities were found to begin with the very first stages of the process; which included the investigation of the suspected criminals by law enforcement officers, which again suggests discrimination. ( Dunnaville C. 2000) These disparities were then continued throughout the legal and criminal system. These are serious allegations as it amounts to stating that overrepresentation is in the first instance closely linked to racial and ethnic bias. "

Tags:terrorism, discriminatory, monitor, security, issues, citizens

Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the issue of racial profiling in law enforcement. In Part II, the history and arguments surrounding allegations of racial profiling are discussed. Part III examines the common traits of effective racial-profiling legislation. Finally, this paper concludes with recommendations for ending racial profiling and for implementing effective racial-profiling legislation.

From the Paper
"Racial profiling is one of the most controversial issues facing law enforcement today. Whether police officers deliberately stop, question, search, or arrest certain individuals based solely on their race or ethnicity is increasingly being debated by civil rights groups, law enforcement officials, ordinary citizens, and politicians. Scandals involving informants and police officers who planted drugs and other evidence on certain individuals in California, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Philadelphia, Texas, and Washington state have resulted in numerous criminal cases and sentences being dismissed, reduced, or suspended."

Tags:racial, law, police, criminal, justice, system, legal, discrimination

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the legal and ethical implications of profiling passengers at airports in the United States. The paper reviews the different opinions of profiling, some saying that it is a necessity due to the current state of world affairs and others believing that it is an infringement of basic civil and constitutional rights.

Outline:
Introduction
Background
Profiling: The Legal and Ethical Pros and Cons
Legal Implications
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The reaction to profiling prior or the events of 9/11 was essentially condemnatory. The profiler was seen as a discriminator who 'tags' and targets certain groups or ethnic and racial groupings with pre-determined ideas about their qualities and attributes. It is the creation of pre-determined views that creates the problem with profiling. This is the basis of the negative response that has emerged in recent years to the practice of police profiling. Profiling is seen in practice as another form of discrimination, marginalization and prejudice. On the other hand, the authorities claim that profiling is not intended to be prejudicial but is rather a practical and important part of police work and an attempt to reduce crime. It is in essence a tool that allows the police to isolate criminals in a rapid and effective way. The practice of profiling has a contentious and criticism-filled history that persists to the present day."

Tags:discriminatory, society, racial, terrorism, Stereotypes