Abstract This compares the two books "Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, & a Dream" by H. G. Bissinger and "Hardball: A Season in the Projects" by Daniel Coyle. Both books deal with the subject of sports and racialdiscrimination.
Abstract The paper states that, under Title VII laws in the US, it is illegal to discriminate against individuals based on color or race. The paper then explains that discrimination often falls under two categories, including disparate treatment or "disparate acts" and then goes on to discuss the difference between these two categories. Next, the paper discusses a case involving disparate treatment and explains why the employer in the case should be held liable for discrimination. The paper cites several case studies supporting this conclusion.
From the Paper "The more easily defined of the two is "disparate treatment" (Greenberg, 2002) because it involves outright discrimination against the employee, such as not hiring someone because they are of a particular race. "Disparate impact" is less easily distinguished, but typically involves a policy whether written or unwritten in a company whereby someone may be excluded from certain positions or availabilities, even though the policy may not have been intentionally designed to accomplish this (Greenberg, 2002; Harris, Henderson & William, 2005). The case described for this paper involves the question of "disparate treatment", with Doe arguing the company manager Bigot treated him harshly and in a discriminatory manner. When he reported his discomfort to the appropriate entities within the corporation, they did not respond to his complaints, but rather suggested it was just "the way" Bigot acted with new employees. Even if this were true, it is likely a court would rule in favor of Doe, the employee, because the statements made by his manager were related to his race or orientation, and because they affected Doe in a negative manner. The company should be held liable because no one took action to correct or investigation the employee's complaint."
Abstract This paper discusses the meaning of corporate racialdiscrimination, its consequences, the response of the firms that are allegedly practicing it and the methods of fostering corporate diversity. Racialdiscrimination is referred to any set of actions that discriminate on the basis of race, color, cast or creed. It shows how in the corporate world, racialdiscrimination can take the form of categorizing employees, customers and suppliers on the basis of their race, cast, color, or creed by treating them in a relatively negative way as compared to other races. It explains racialdiscrimination through the example of two different companies, Denny?s, a food service chain in the United States ,and Texaco Inc. regarding their treatment of minority workers and the consequences of the allegations of their action.
From the Paper "In 1993, six US Secret Service agents who happened to be African-Americans went to Denny's for breakfast. After waiting for a considerable period of time and complaining to the manager, when they still did not get served, they filed a class-action race-discrimination lawsuit against Denny"s. Not only did the management at Denny's had to respond to this lawsuit but they were further forced to deal with the myriad complaints and lawsuits that followed this event. As a consequence of racial discrimination that was being practiced at Denny"s, the firm had to pay $54 million to 294,000 discriminated customers and their lawyers (Abes et.al, 2000). Furthermore, Denny's was obliged into signing a decree with the US Justice Department where the firm agreed to publicize non-discriminatory policies and retrain existing employees about the same. Moreover the firm's outlets came under the constant supervision of the Justice Department, for the following seven years, where they would be judged continually for any evidence of racial discrimination."
Abstract A paper on the topic of racialdiscrimination since 1950 until now. Discrimination in the workplace is against the law. The paper anlyzes some current cases of racialdiscrimination and how the court views them.
This paper is a literature review of racialdiscrimination in the history of the U.S., mainly against blacks, and the laws introduced to eliminate such discrimination.
Abstract This paper commences the history of racialdiscrimination laws with the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which outlawed discriminatory practices against blacks; post Civil-War legislatures desired the unification of the country and attempted to reconcile the living conditions for Black Freedmen. The author pointed out that the New Deal was important because it created a social accountability system, which had not existed and eliminated some of the social, political and economic problems, although the exclusionary zoning of this period proliferated the idea of segregation. The paper relates that the Civil Rights Movement and the Brown decision were pivotal because they set a precedence for the equal treatment of blacks at public facilities.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Racial Zoning Laws
The New Deal and Federal Government Discriminatory Housing Polices
Federal Policy after WWII
Events Leading to the Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
Review of Key Debates and Lessons Learned
From the Paper "Paulson goes on to state that the presidential vetoes and the overall message sent by President Johnson persuaded republicans that a constitutional amendment would be the only way to ensure the civil rights of White Unionists and Black freedmen living in the South. Furthermore, they thought the amendment was necessary to avoid a future Democratic-controlled Congress from abolishing the Civil Rights Act or other important wartime legislation. The result of these efforts was the fourteenth amendment, which the author describes as complex, disingenuous and using ambiguous language."
Tags: unification, new-deal, social-accountability, zoning, brown
Abstract The paper examines the article "Judging Judicial Discretion: Legal Factors and RacialDiscrimination in Sentencing" where the authors attempt to determine whether judges in Maryland are racially discriminatory in their sentencing decisions. The paper studies their hypothesis that even in a state with voluntary sentencing guidelines, African-American offenders are being sentenced more harshly than whites. The paper looks at the trend the authors discovered regarding judges hiding behind legal factors to issue disparate sentences and agrees with the authors' conclusion that discrimination is happening in sentencing.
From the Paper "The authors first started by explaining previous research on racial discrimination in sentencing. The issue of warranted and unwarranted disparity was very important to understanding the different approaches to this topic. As discussed in our textbook, African Americans tend to have longer criminal histories and they are charged with more serious crimes. In the article it was explained that most researchers separate warranted disparity, such as a harsher sentence because of a long criminal history, and unwarranted disparity, which can only be explained by race or other extra-legal influences on the sentencing decision (Bushway & Piehl, 2001). The authors state, "there is little evidence of direct racial discrimination once these legal factors are included in the statistical models" (Bushway & Piehl, 2001, p. 734). However, the authors contend that by taking out the warranted cases the discrimination is actually masked because there is disparity in those cases. This is discussed further in their findings."
Abstract This analytical research paper addresses grave issues concerning racialdiscrimination and gender bias pertaining to black versus white and the related causes for the World War II as well as the prejudices that led to the Civil Rights Movement. Thus, the paper revolves around the popular poem "Mending Wall" by Robert Frost, addressing the issue of the racial conflict between blacks and whites in America.
From the Paper "Among many renowned literary figures that understood the cost that the world is paying for racial prejudices and the rebellious nature that took birth from the roots of racial injustices and discriminations considering the experiences of all the minorities especially the black living in the United States, Robert Lee Frost, one of the America's top poets, trough his poetry made fruitful attempts in spreading the much-needed awareness among the masses regarding the catastrophes connected to black white discrepancies. Born in San Francisco in 1874, Frost wrote, "a few poems it will be hard to get rid of? (Robert Frost)."
Abstract A five-page Employment Law paper dealing with racialdiscrimination in the workplace, some of the legal statutes currently in place to address the phenomenon, and various forms of discrimination in corporations.
Abstract This paper examines racialdiscrimination, as enforced through law enforcement personnel and in clear violation of the U.S Constitution. It discusses three landmark cases where the same racial justice in America was differently interpreted and the impact on the performance of the duty of the law enforcement officers. The cases are Mapp vs. Ohio, 1961; Terry vs. Ohio, 1968; and Miranda vs. Arizona, 1966.
From the Paper "In the Miranda vs. Arizona case, petitioner Ernesto Miranda was taken into custody from his home and locked up in the Phoenix Police lock up facility. Upon identification by the complaining witness, Miranda was taken in to one of the interrogations rooms of the police station, and questioned by police officers. Miranda was not advised of his constitutional rights, nor his right to an attorney. Instead, Miranda was made to a sign a pre-typed statement, where-in it was categorically typed and mentioned that the confession by him was voluntarily made, was without any threats, or promises of immunity, and "with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me". (Miranda v. Arizona, 1966)."
Abstract This paper discusses how racialdiscrimination has been prevalent for decades and how discrimination and prejudice against others continues to be widespread throughout the United States. It attempts to show how, by recognizing the individual and societal costs, as well as subtle expressions of prejudice, there is an increased chance of ending these outdated injustices.
From the Paper "It has been noted that ?many, if not most, historically white workplaces have a hostile racial climate (grove.ufl.edu/~feagin/costs1.htm).? This is due to the fact that ?most whites still harbor racist images, stereotypes, and propensities to discriminate against African Americans. Under the right circumstances, such stereotypes and prejudices play themselves out in subtly racist actions by whites (grove.ufl.edu/~feagin/costs1.htm).? While discrimination by fellow employees is appalling, when it is ?colluded in or made light of by higher-level and more powerful authorities, including immediate supervisors, top corporate executives, political leaders, and judges, its impact can be even more lasting and painful."
Abstract Although American jurisprudence has held that a juror cannot be included or excluded on a jury on the basis of race, beginning in the mid-20th century, many observers suggest that the entire process today is riddled with loopholes that allow attorneys to "shop" for jurors who will support their position based solely on racial considerations. This paper provides a review and discussion of the relevant literature on racialdiscrimination in jury selection, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper "What is known is that the composition of a jury can make the difference between a guilty verdict and a defendant going free, with distinct differences being found between black and white juries. For example, a study conducted by psychologist Dennis Ugwuegbu determined that white jurors were more likely to find a defendant culpable of rape when he was black and the victim was white than in other racial combinations; on the other hand, blacks were more likely to find that a white defendant was culpable when the victim was black (Hans, 1986)."
Abstract This paper contains a self-designed case study on racialdiscrimination in the workplace. It also takes into account the various laws that deal with such situations and how the employee is compensated for maltreatment.
From the Paper "The Federal Law states that it is illegal to discriminate against employees on the basis of their race. In the United States, it is prohibited to discriminate and harass employees. This implies that the employer cannot treat an employee or applicant prejudicially because of one's race or color or sex or even ethnic background in all forms of the employment relationship, including: help-wanted ads, interviews, pre-employment testing, hiring, job assignments, shift assignments, promotions, compensation, benefits, job training, layoffs or termination."
Abstract This paper explains how racism in the health care system influences and affects not only the patients that are receiving treatment, but those that are administering the treatment as well. The paper then goes on to examine the economic impact that racialdiscrimination has on the health care system, its consequences, and what can be done to address the problem.
From the Paper "Racial discrimination has been a problem in this country for many years. Ever since the days of slavery, there have been some people in the United States, and quite likely in other countries as well, that feel that one race is superior to another. Most of this is directed at the African-American population, but some of it is also directed at those that are Hispanic, Asian, and other races that are not strictly Caucasian. This problem extends to all aspects of society and due to this, healthcare is one area that is being strongly affected by this racial discrimination. This is true of both those that treat patients and those that need to be treated."
Abstract This paper looks at some of the effects of racism in the US, especially on health, education, and class. The paper looks at why and how people discriminate, especially in the context of institutionalized racism. Further, the writer discusses some of the Anti-Discrimination laws passed recently and looks at what should be done about racism in the US.
From the Paper "The effects of racism in the United States are felt at all levels of society in more ways than most people are aware of. Some of the effects are positive for those who are in power, but any racism in a society affects everyone negatively. This paper will briefly address a small number of the effects of racism on individuals and society, why people discriminate, under what circumstances and in what situations, and some of the legal steps that have been taken to reduce racism in the US. Unfortunately, racism is still alive and well in this country, if perhaps in more subtle ways, and it hurts people at every level of society as well as individuals."
Abstract The paper relates that minorities such as African-Americans and Hispanics continue to face racialdiscrimination in the United States courts. The paper discusses diversion and alternative programs as a solution to the prison overcrowding problem and looks at the recidivism rates relative to prison sentences. The paper maintains that the courts must re-examine the mandatory sentencing guidelines and consider the implementation of diversion systems so that all individuals may receive equal treatment.
Outline:
Introduction
RacialDiscrimination Minorities in the Prison System
Solutions to Combat Judicial Discrimination of Minorities
Diversion Programs
Diversion Programs and Recidivism Rates
Benefits of Diversion Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the past few decades, the media has publicized the overcrowding of the United States prison system, raising concern among the families of prisoners, correctional facilities and government officials alike. Along with this overcrowding is the issue that the majority of the prison population consists of minorities, thus raising the debate regarding racial discrimination upheld by the court system. Prison-related research indicates that mandatory sentencing guidelines and a growing number of drug-related convictions are factors in a continued growth of inmates held in federal, state and local prisons and jails in the United States."
