Abstract
This nine-page undergraduate paper discusses the repercussions of slavery on race relations in terms of the national obsession with the black-white racial dichotomy, the reality of the African-American political struggle, and the effect of these realities in American government and popular culture. 9 pgs. 9 f/c. 8b.

Tags:RACE STUDIES (RACISM, HATE CRIMES), race relations repercussions

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an overview of hate crime. Among the topics discussed are: the nature of offenders, causes of hate crime, and strategies to reduce and/or prevent hate crimes.

From the Paper
"Levin and McDevitt state that a hate crimes can be defined as criminal actions that are intended to harm or intimidate people because oft heir race ethnicity sexual orientation religion or some other characteristic associated with minority group status. Of course some quibble can be made with this definition since prejudice and hatred is common to humankind in general and not just those of non-minority status. Nonetheless hate crimes unlike other crimes send messages of hate and intolerance. This paper provides a very brief overview

Tags:hate crimes, offenders, criminals, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation

Abstract
The paper asserts that if one takes a moment or two to run a quick internet search, one will find literally thousands of articles talking about hate crimes in Russia; the country, which is wracked by economic and demographic problems, is developing a reputation as a haven for white supremacists and for racial animus. The paper illustrates how hate crimes impact individual people and foreign communities living within Russia. As becomes clear, hate crimes create a culture of fear, marginalize minorities, and can easily lead them to the conclusion that the authorities as part of the problem rather than part of the solution.

From the Paper
"If one takes a moment or two to run a quick internet search, one will find literally thousands of articles talking about hate crimes in Russia; the country, which is wracked by economic and demographic problems, is developing a reputation as a haven for white supremacists and for racial animus. Over the next few pages, this paper will illustrate how hate crimes impact individual people and foreign communities living within Russia. As will become clear, hate crimes create a culture of fear, marginalize minorities, and can easily lead them to the conclusion that the authorities are part of the problem rather than part of the solution."

Tags:hate, crimes, russia

Abstract
This paper looks at hate crimes and the best way to prevent or resolve them. It gives examples of programs which are working including the role of the Community Response Service (CRS).

From the Paper
"The Community Response Service (CRS) has proved useful in responding to hate crimes. (United) Their primary job is assisting law enforcement agencies in preventing and reducing the potential for hate crimes by mediating and conciliating conflicts before they turn violent, training police to work with the community to identify and address potential hotspots and points of conflict within the community. Training law enforcement to identify, report and investigate hate crimes and helping communities to address racial tensions before triggering incidents occur. In nearly all cases of civil unrest and..."

Tags:hate crimes, prevention, CRS, police

Abstract
The paper explains and analyzes the nature of hate crimes against gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered people.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this report is to provide an analysis of hate crimes that are directed toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals. Erich Goode argued that there are any number of groups who are categorized on the basis of certain aspects of their behavior, personality, psychological state or even physical characteristics as deviant, leading in many instances to their devaluation and outright victimization by mainstream society. The purpose of this report is therefore to answer two questions."

Tags:hate crimes, gays, lesbians

Abstract
This paper briefly describes three hate crimes: Tawana Brawley, Brandon Teena, and Matthew Shepard. The paper explains that while bias and hate crimes may have the same actus reus and requisite mental state as other proscribed acts, they are not the same kinds of crimes as those other acts. The paper asserts that hate is not something that can be legislated away, but neither is it something that can be ignored in any aspect of society.

From the Paper
"Bias crimes and hate crimes are illegal acts of violence that are dependent on the victim's membership in a particular group. These crimes might be based on purely superficial factors such as skin color, based on gender or sexuality, or based on ideology. Regardless of the factors that go into hate crimes, it is safe to say that in each instance the crime would not have occurred had the victim been different in some way. Frederick Lawrence argues that bias/hate crimes should be punished more severely than other crimes simply because of their nature. He reasons that the fact that they are based on hatred rather than other reasons, such as..."

Tags:hate, crime, bias

Abstract
The paper deals with the nature of hate crimes and how they should be dealt with, especially in terms of freedom of expression. The second paper compares and contrasts different hate crime victims.

From the Paper
"Hate crime has become an increasingly controversial topic. The problem stems from the fact that the line between hate crimes and freedom of expression is often blurred. In other words when people are accused of hate crimes they often argue that their freedom of expression is being infringed up. This leads to questions about the nature of hate crimes and freedom of expression. For example, when is something considered a hate crime? And when is something an opinion that people are allowed to express? This essay will use the liberal principle discussed by Edward..."

Tags:hate, crime, canada

Abstract
This paper discusses the widespread occurrence of hate crimes in the United States, with a focus on the state of Pennsylvania. The paper contends that most offenders are young and act more out of personal sentiment than organizational strategy. The paper also states that, on a national level, hate crimes occur across the board and affect all races and most demographics.

From the Paper
"Within the last decades, criminal law has delineated a new subset of crime: the hate crime. Hate crimes are defined as any crime "committed against individuals or groups or property based on the real or perceived race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, national origin, or ethnicity of the victims" (Partners Against Hate, 2003) It is the bigoted motivation behind such crimes that separates them from more traditional criminal acts. Hate crimes can be as severe as murder, such as the infamous Matthew Shepherd killing. They may also be as innocuous as racially biased graffiti or intimidation. Hate crime has been a relatively consistent phenomena since it was first tracked, though there have been occasional changes in the populations targeted."

Tags:racism, sexism, offence

Abstract
This paper takes a look at hate crimes. The paper defines hate crimes, provides statistics and provides modern day examples of hate crimes. The paper further explains that hate crimes are not only against the laws created by man, but also that of God.

From the Paper
" We now know the term "hate crimes" was introduced in 1985: clearly an act of commission, but how far back do we need to go to realize that these hateful acts have been apart of society since the beginning of mankind. In the bible, when we read about "The Parable of the Good Samaritan" (Luke 10:25-34); dating back to about A.D. 62, which has me to believe as a Christian, to be in a state of omission, and do nothing about a crime that has taken place is just as much a sin as the crime itself. It's printed in black and white for me in 1John 4:20, "If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen but love God whom he hath not seen?" When we read Gospel passages like those in the bible from Luke and 1John, Jesus' message is direct and uncomplicated: love God, love neighbor....Go do it. Looking at the details in these passages can help us understand how Christianity and hatred get mixed up together. It provides us with clues about how to stay clear and focused on God's calling to love. "

Tags:race, religion, disability, sexual, orientation, ethnicity, national, origin, legislation

Abstract
The paper relates that a hate crime can be committed against any race, gender preference, or religious belief. The paper explains that people are afraid of what is perceived as different, so they will use any type of forcible action to prevent change. The paper then examines who can play a role in the prevention and education of hate crimes.

From the Paper
"In today's day and age, many people would believe that hate crimes are notional representation of the past. Unfortunately, this phenomenon has been masked by the ongoing war with Iraq and the coverage of these atrocities and does not receive proper attention. A hate crime can be committed against any race, gender preference, or religious belief. In a brief definition, it has been stated that, "...an ordinary crime becomes a hate crime when the offenders chose a victim because of some underlying, differentiating characteristic" (Harlow, 2005). The crimes do still occur, and it is up to society to find the root causes and take aggressive action against the perpetrators. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the hate crime offenses committed in 2005 were 8,804, with the offenses perpetrated by known offenders upwards of 6,804 (2005)."

Tags:race, gender, religion, law, enforcement, media