Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of race relations during the Reconstruction period with reference to the book "A short History of Reconstruction" by Eric Foner. Reconstruction was the time immediately after the Civil war that showed the deep and sharp racial division that existed in the American society and the author is of the view that many of the race-related problems that still persist in the country have their roots in the Reconstruction period.

Tags:reconstruction, race, relations

Abstract
Affirmative action, in higher education and elsewhere has been a hotly debated issue, since its inception, among a group of minority faculty and faculty organization from US law schools conceived of the need for forcing social change through guided plans and procedures that would make up for missing opportunities for racial minorities, a year prior to Martin Luther King Jr's assassination. Since then there have been many legal challenges to affirmative action which was tailored significantly by nearly every university and many other institutions independently. The specific and individual affirmative action plans of many institutions have been challenged, supported or struck down in several Supreme Court cases. This work first reviews and critiques research based on the concepts of affirmative action in higher education. It then moves on to develop an independent research proposal to answer questions regarding affirmative action and finally it reviews and discusses the breadth and depth of Grutter V Bollinger and Gratz V Bollinger and how they impact affirmative action and business.

Outline:
Abstract
Research Proposal: Affirmative Action and Race Relations
Review of Literature
Research Question
Hypothesis
Sample
Method
Expected Findings
References

From the Paper
"It would seem that there have been as many challenges and debates with regard to affirmative action policies as there have been research studies on the subject of its effectiveness and therefore validity. Regardless of this fact there are also a significant number of researchers who seek to answer what they view as more important questions regarding affirmative action, not the least of which is does it help or hurt the minority population, or the majority population and has it been at all effective in eliminating discrimination in the broader society, institutionally or in business. The following research proposal will attempt to answer an enduring question associated with some of the broader questions of affirmative action namely; Is affirmative action policy implementation destructive to race relations in higher education and/or business? This question seems to be at the root of research, debate and conflict associated with affirmative action, and must garner some sort of answer for the development of a future for race relations and the role of affirmative action in decision making for admissions or hiring."

Tags:race relations, education, constitutional law, disenfranchisement

Abstract
This paper discusses race relations in Florida. It particularly explores race relations within professional trades in the area. The paper presents the experiences of the writer who is employed as a carpenter in the state of Florida and then explores the relationship of the races in the area in order to better enable the writer to live and thrive within his environment.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to Race Relations in Florida
The Local Community and Race
The Government and Racial Relations
Schools and Race
Race and the Workplace
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Racial relations within Florida are for the most part clear; however there are still very real tensions which exist. In my work alone I experience directly the results of former discrimination and current affirmative action. Throughout my experience of education and current enrollment I can see that racial relations are a topic of great concern to many people. The leaders of the communities and state seem to care, as the One Florida initiative would indicate, and in my personal interactions I seek to foster positive racial relations, as to me it is a non-issue and thus it does not become one. While some in the community may treat those who are different in a discriminatory fashion, such attitudes seem to be fading as time progresses. I do not particularly agree with some of the decisions of leadership, particularly those of allocating a certain number of jobs to minority contractors, as I think it should be entirely based upon price and quality, but I also understand that there are a less minority contractors due to past discrimination, so efforts in the present, while inconvenient, are excusable in the least. Overall, I am content with the racial relations within the community of Florida, and given the chance to improve anything, I would seek only to enhance the feeling of togetherness and to advance the fading of color-boundaries and lines."

Tags:interaction, relationship, community, race, tension

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the book, "Governing Race: Politics, Process and the Politics of Race," by Nina M. Moore. The paper explains that the book not only tells the reader why race relations came to a head in the 1960s, but offers a unique viewpoint on the "politics of race," as well.

From the Paper
"The author's thesis is quite clear from the very beginning of this book. She asserts, "race presents a challenge too difficult for American governing institutions to meet" (Moore xiv) in the Introduction of the book, and further asserts, "true socioeconomic and political race reform will remain a laudable, but elusive, goal of government policymakers" (Moore xv). Therefore, her book concentrates on both the successes and failures of racial politics in the country, zeroing in on the reforms that have not worked the politics of them, and why they have not worked. The author backs up her thesis with research, analysis, appendixes, a bibliography, and a clear knowledge of the subject and her research. The author notes, "Census Bureau reports as well as National Election Studies, the General Social Survey, Gallup Poll surveys, and other quantitative sources are used to buttress the regional and partisan focus" (Moore xxiv). The book includes six chapters and five appendixes, and covers Civil Rights from the "early years" to current trends in the political process."

Tags:civil, rights, movement, policies, ethnic, minorities, senate, normal, abnormal, lawmaking, procedures

Abstract
This paper discusses the institution of slavery in the United States and how the residue of slavery continues to affect race relations in American society. It explains how slavery affected American political, economic and social history from the early 1600s through the Reconstruction period after the Civil War. The paper concludes by describing the condition of race relations in the United States in 1877.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Affects of Slavery on the Political, Economic, and Social History

From the Paper
"From a social standpoint, black people in America have always been viewed as an inferior race of people. Throughout the 1600's blacks were not treated equally and the establishment of a legal paradigm in which black people could be treated as nothing more than property, perpetuated these ideas of inferiority. During reconstruction (1866-1877) American society was a difficult place for blacks to exist; black people did not know how to be free and white people did not know how to live with and around black people who were not slaves (Reconstruction and its Aftermath). There was often a great deal of tension and hostility toward blacks because White slave owners no longer had unrestricted access to free labor which greatly reduced or in some cases completely abolished the profitability of their plantations (Reconstruction and its Aftermath). By 1877, racial tensions were still apparent and black people were sill viewed and inferior. Some blacks moved to the north but mass migration to the north did not occur until much later in American history."

Tags:Reconstruction period, society property inequality labor

Abstract
This paper explains that, although the Declaration of Independence states, "All men are created equal," in the writing of the Constitution, slaves, Native Americans, and women were not counted as citizens, although indentured servants, who were usually white, were. The author points out that, at the end of the 19th century, in the case of "Plessy vs. Ferguson", the Supreme Court ruled that a court ruling could not force equality if one race were inferior to the other and refused to reverse segregation rules; this justified all sorts of horrific practices, including segregated schools, which were separate but often not equal. The paper concludes that, at the dawn of the 21st century, the idea that all people are inherently equal and that racism is intolerable finally has become part of our society's values.

Table of Contents
How Did the Constitution Initially Recognize the Relations between Whites and Blacks in the Late 18th Century?
What Were the Changes, through Supreme Court Interpretations, in the First Half of the 19th Century?
What Changes Were Written into the Constitution and How Were They Interpreted in the Last Half of the 19th Century?
What Was the State of Race Relations at the Turn of the Century?
Anticipate the 21st Century

From the Paper
"After the Civil War, The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution were added. These amendments were vital to the stability of the country, because they made the abolition of slavery the law of the land. The 13th amendment specifically banned slavery. In 1968. the 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. That amendment decreed that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.""

Tags:equal, dredd, plessy, amendment, crow

Abstract
Discusses how Chicago has had historical problems among its racial populations. It examines how many minorities have charged police of excessive brutality, and despite the fact that an individual of a minority race is the chief of police, such problems continue. This paper examines the fragile issue of race relations in Chicago.

From the Paper
"Chicago's history has been turbulent as far as race relations are concerned. A shocking report by the Chicago Community Trust Human Relations Task Force, which was released roughly ten years ago, revealed what blacks and other ethnic minorities knew already, that discrimination and racial prejudice was rampant in Chicago and that blacks and whites are divided along racial and ethnic lines. In late Dec. 2000, another Task force, "The Human Relations Foundation of Chicago" concluded that "ethnic minorities are being discriminated against in more subtle ways ". The report adds that there are gaps in income, education and wealth, between Whites and other ethnic minorities in Chicago. This meant that people are still divided along racial lines, as indicated by the segregated nature of housing in Chicago."

Tags:conflicts, rare

Abstract
This paper first addresses the historical factors that contributed to the racial segregation of society in Gwinnett county, Georgia. The author then explains his involvement in various community programs as a means of observing race relations in his community. The paper ascertains that despite Gwinnett's rocky past, relations and communication among the differing ethnic groups in the region have improved drastically. The paper describes that the progress has been so great that many minority groups in the region hold high positions in local government.

From the Paper
"As to the government of Gwinnett County and the city proper, I was very pleased to see that Hispanics/Latinos are beginning to make inroads related to serving in various positions in state and local governments. For instance, the "Hispanics Tips" website declares that Gwinnett is 'the only Georgia county with Latino representation under the Gold Dome' ('Retirement Makes Gwinnett,' Internet), a fact that hopefully will inspire other Hispanics/Latinos in our community to think about becoming a city leader or even a state legislator. As a person who truly cares about the prospects of Hispanics/Latinos in Gwinnett, I was very concerned with the fact that the US Congress several years ago was considering to penalize legal immigrants in America by taking away their opportunities to receive public assistance in the form of food stamps and funds aimed at supporting single-parent households headed by divorced or widowed women with children."

Tags:racism segregation communication reconstruction, racial groups

Abstract
This essay compares the changes in cultural rule systems regulating race relations in Chicago and the strategies used by white and black groups to alter those relations between 1890 and 1920 and in the American South between 1954 and 1968. In Chicago during this period, a pattern of de facto segregation of and discrimination against the black population was largely in place by 1890. It intensified during the succeeding thirty years, as whites responded hostilely to the growing migration of blacks from the South, especially during the wartime boom of 1915-1918. In contrast, a de jure system of segregation and discrimination had been in place for more than 75 years in the South at the time the civil rights struggles there erupted after 1953.

From the Paper
"CHANGING CULTURAL RULE SYSTEMS AND RACE RELATIONS

This essay compares the changes in cultural rule systems regulating race relations in Chicago and the strategies used by white and black groups to alter those relations between 1890 and 1920 and in the American South between 1954 and 1968. In Chicago during this period, a pattern of de facto segregation of and discrimination against the black population was largely in place by 1890. It intensified during the succeeding thirty years, as whites responded hostilely to the growing migration of blacks from the South, especially during the wartime boom of 1915-1918. In contrast, a de jure system of segregation and discrimination had been in place for more than 75 years in the South at the time the civil rights struggles there erupted after 1953. The strategies employed by blacks in Chicago varied, reflecting ..."

Abstract
This paper outlines four of the race relations theories that shaped Black Americans' thoughts in the 20th century: Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King, Jr., Elijah Muhammad, and the Republic of New Africa manifesto, an offshoot of the Black Power movement. The essay also discusses each theory's relationship to religion.