Abstract This paper relates the history of women's role in the workplace. The author points out the attributes of genderbias and discrimination. The paper delineates changes in the 20th Century.
From the Paper "This research examines the phenomenon of gender bias in Western society, which can be identified as having both a long history in real-world experience and a long history as a subject for philosophical and moral discourse. The research will set forth attributes ..."
Abstract Both quantitatively (in terms of numbers affected) and qualitatively (in terms of the changes required), genderbias remains a profound Canadian crisis. Women are disadvantaged in marriage and in the workplace and underrepresented in the political arena. The roots of this bias are deeply ingrained in Canadian society. Further, overcoming this bias demands fundamental changes in the type of government intervention designed to address it.
An examination of possible problems of genderbias in the administrating of the GRE - a mandatory requirement for all students that wish to enter graduate school programs.
Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the genderbias problems that occur in GRE testing. Furthermore, a number of issues related to this problem are addressed. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn and alternative solutions and recommendations for graduate school admission criteria is proposed that promote equity and fairness for all entering students.
From the Paper "Students that apply to graduate school are affected by the often rigorous application process, including the submission of test scores from the GRE. For many students, advanced standardized tests such as the GRE are not an accurate measure of true academic performance and may negatively influence admission decisions: "The research demonstrates that standardized testing has a negative impact on students, perpetuating and intensifying educational inequity through test bias and the misuse of test scores" (Froese-Germain 111). Those who score poorly on the GRE are often eliminated from admission contention even though the test is perceived as one small component of the selection process. It has been demonstrated that although the questions found on the exam are theoretically designed to be equivalent for either gender, they are often proven to be otherwise. These questions emphasize the significant differences between how males and females perform on standardized tests. In addition, "Men and women differ in their chosen interests and activities, and these differences are likely to have an influence on school activities, grades, and test scores" (Azen, Bronner, and Gafni 77). The identification of true test bias is determined in the following statement: "If a group of examinees always performs more poorly on a test and this group does not subsequently exhibit inferior achievement, then the test misrepresents this group and is said to be biased" (Azen et al. 78). In general, admission tests are required in order to accurately select and predict the appropriate candidates, and this process can have a negative effect on the potential success of student populations."
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the various studies that claim the content of computer games are determined by the interests of men rather than women and proves that a genderbias in the PC game industry exists. This paper also discusses the lack of female computer programmers in the industry and the steps being taken to remedy the situation including direct marketing aimed at women.
From the Paper "One step that some companies are taking is simply directing more marketing at girls and women. According to the esteemed advertising journal, Billboard, in the early part of the previous decade, Sega Corporation instituted a special "girls task force," which was comprised of female executives. Additionally, Viacom New Media executive vice president Michele DiLorenzo began and remained a vocal industry proponent of gender-neutral titles."
Abstract This paper deals with genderbias in English classrooms. In this paper, the writer review the statistics showing that English boys are performing worse than their oversees counterpart and then lists some of the possible reasons boys are falling behind and some of the solutions. It ends with a suggested viable solution to the problem of boys falling behind.
From the Paper "Are boys in England falling behind there female counterparts? If the answer to this question is yes, then why, and what can be done to address the problem. In an age of fierce competition, it is no longer enough to just let "boys be boys" The question is How can we balance the learning needs of boys with the needs of girls. It seems society is on a pendulum, first favoring boys, then favoring girls. We cannot go back and forth, favoring one gender at a time. The pendulum needs to stop swinging, but how do we balance the needs of boys with the needs of girls in a classroom? "
Abstract This essay looks at advertising and the way race and gender are represented in today's ads. The essay argues that gender and racial inequality and stereotyping are very much present in advertising today and that this furthermore serves the advertising needs. The essay also looks at how advertising directly influences what we see in the media and how advertisers only goal is profit making which is best served by the consumerist culture we live in today.
From the Paper "Advertising is very important in today's society and have been for over 30 years, if only simply because it cannot be avoided. Ads are a major part of mass media and the mass media has a great advantage of being able to reach a large number of people in a very short time. In large industrial societies media takes on a mass scale so that television, radio, newspapers, magazines and now the Internet link tens of millions of people, and influence the way they think and spend their time and money."
This paper analyzes the book "Race, Gender and Work: A Multicultural Economic History of Women in the United States" by Teresa Amott and Julie Matthaei.
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze the book "Race, Gender and Work: A Multicultural Economic History of Women in the United States" by Teresa Amott and Julie Matthaei. Specifically, it discusses why the analysis of women's work in terms of race, class, and history is essential to the study of contemporary work issues.
From the Paper "This liturgy is repeated throughout American history through Chicana women, Black women, European immigrant women, and Asian women. White men created the societal rules, and women had to conform to them. In the contemporary workplace, these male-dominated rules still largely govern hiring practices and jobs available to women. This actually began in the 19th century when it became more common for people to seek wage-work rather than providing for themselves on a farm or other family business. Many men began to work outside the home, leaving the tending of home, family, reproduction, and other responsibilities to the women at home, of course unpaid. Most of the companies hiring men (and some single women) were owned by white male capitalists, who hired a majority of men in their factories and offices. Women that could not afford servants took on more responsibilities, while the entire American culture began to revolve around home, hearth, and the women who maintained this domesticity."
Abstract The paper discusses how in comparing, contrasting and discussing the issue of gender and its significance in "Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet)," "Orlando," and "The Sun Also Rises," it is evident that gender issues were perceived and portrayed very differently by writers such as Virginia Woolf and Ernest Hemingway. The paper explains that this is because of their personal agony over gender and its psychological implications. The paper points out that differences in their fictional portrayals of rigid gender identity and values is not particularly surprising, for Virginia Woolf was not inclined to shoot wild game animals in Africa or attend bullfights and Ernest Hemingway was not a exactly a charter member of the early feminist movement in fiction and literature.
Abstract This essay discusses how many children's books have been considered classics, but how they have also been challenged as having race and genderbias. Rudyard Kipling's "How The Leopard Got His Spots", Paula Fox's "The Slave Dancer", and Lynne Reid Banks' "The Indian in the Cupboard" are all examined in this context. The paper finds that they have a certain amount of racial bias.
Abstract This paper examines the issue of gender and racial discrimination in sport both at college as well as professional level. It attempts to dispel the myths regarding women equality and meritocracy in sports, such that women earn through professional as well as college sports as much as their male counterparts. It examines the struggles involving women recognition in sports through the history of basketball which evolved in 1891 but only allowed women players in 1971 and the differences in women participation in college sports and professional sports. The paper also outlines the racial desegregation of college and professional sports, bringing out the similarities and the differences to that of genderbias.
From the Paper "Though women face various challenges in the name of discrimination in sports oriented activities and career advancements, women in college sports face less resistance due to the fact that at college level, friendships and relationships are more sound and meaningful than at a professional level where shrewd politics dominate the sports scenario and extreme resistance is faced by women who are professional athletes. Moreover, in college sports, due to combined activities, women get more or less the same facilities and coaching aid that their male friends receive. Alternately, women athletes on a professional level are struggling hard to receive better or equal facilities than men athletes."
Abstract This paper examines how genderbias in education refers to the persistent gender gap that exists in the field of education and how various strategies have been adopted and several reforms have been introduced to tackle this issue. It looks at how women are always taught to be less aggressive and less assertive than their male counterparts, and for this reason, they tend to stay away from more competitive or professional fields of education. It shows how some changes are needed in the way teachers handle this problem in the classroom and how vast literature on the issue suggests that teachers play a vital role in gender gap issue.
From the Paper "It has also been noticed that lower self esteem and confidence in girls is directly connected with teacher's attitude towards more assertive and confident girls. While teachers permit and even encourage assertive attitude of boys, the same behavior is not tolerant when exhibited by a girl and she is seen as a disruptive element. Reay report suggest that the reason why most girls choose not to enter the more competitive fields of education is because they have been conditioned to do so."
Abstract The writer discusses whether or not the Criminal Justice System is gender blind, whether males or females are favoured by any inherent genderbias, and what an appropriate level of genderbias is for the justice system. The paper cites particular cases and sources that illustrate both sides of the argument.
From the Paper "The blindfold worn by the Lady Justice signifies the impartiality aspired to by the criminal justice system. Ideally, the courts should treat each person before it equally, in a manner blind to any distinguishing features. In reality, our criminal justice system takes into account many distinguishing features of defendants placed within its boundaries. A defendant's age determines whether they will be tried as an adult or juvenile, a determination that brings with it many differences in sentencing options. A defendant's socio-economic status can be seen as determining the quality of legal counsel available, and can also influence sentencing in cases where resources provide better treatment options. While many would like to argue that a person's race does not impact the criminal justice process, studies have confirmed otherwise, finding that the race of the offender and of the victim does play a role in sentencing (Kleck, 1981; Glaeser et al., 2000). Thus, when it is asked whether or not justice is 'gender-blind,' it is not surprising to find out that it is not. Research has consistently found a sex effect operating within the justice system (Daly, 1995). Theorists have offered different explanations for this sex effect, often citing the patriarchal paternalism prevalent in all aspects of modern Western societies (Bernat, 2001; Gilbert, 2001; Daly, 1999). Beyond determining what the sex effects are, and why they may exist, the important question is whether or not justice should be gender blind. The possibility exists that gender disparities in sentencing are simply reflective of actual gender differences within society and therefore, warranted. This paper will provide an overview of the support showing that justice is not gender-blind, the competing explanations for gender biases, and the debate over whether gender bias is warranted as a method of reflecting the actual differences between the genders."
Abstract This paper discusses genderbias in the workplace and focuses on the distinction made between a man and woman in a working environment on the basis of professionalism, integrity, and respect. This paper emphasizes the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 and how several women have used it to fight for their rights. The paper gives real examples of organizations that suffered as a result of gender distinction and represents the true scenario of genderbias in today's world.
From the Paper "Even after great advancements made by mankind in possibly all the fields of life, gender distinction between a man and woman still exists. The portraiture of power and the roles of gender in a prevalent culture reverberate meaningful patrimonial control, with the maneuvering of a female gender an appurtenant element of its objective. Women working in a professional environment have to prove their importance within the acrimonious periphery created by men. Despite the changes, which have been brought in by many laws and movements, women today still do not enjoy a working environment where they would be given a status equal to that of a man."
This paper reviews and examines the themes of racial and gender inequality present in William Faulkner's "That Evening Sun" and Zora Neale Hurston's "Sweat."
Abstract The writer of this paper focuses on Nancy and Delia, the main characters in "That Evening Sun" by William Faulkner and "Sweat" by Zora Neale Hurston, respectively. This paper analyzes how both authors deal with issues of gender and racial injustice in America in the early 1900s and show how two different solutions to a similar problem can lead to two very distinct outcomes. The repression of women by men is prevalent throughout both novels and clearly cited in this paper. This paper reviews the plots of both novels, while at the same time detailing the many similarities between Delia and Nancy, which underscore the role that race, gender and social class play in each of their suffering. Nancy is a housekeeper while Delia is a wash-woman. Their jobs are similarly menial. The writer discusses the manner in which both Nancy and Delia essentially share the problem of social injustice toward black women as well as how each woman resolves the situation she's in. The writer contends that Faulkner lets the reader see the silence, acceptance of inequality and re-activity in Nancy's solution while Hurston shows speaking-up, denial of inequality and pro-activity, which leads to a better life for Delia.
From the Paper "The many similarities between Nancy and Delia underscore the role that race, gender, and social class play in each of their suffering. Nancy is a housekeeper; Delia is a washwoman. Their jobs are similarly menial. Such jobs were typical for black women in the American South at the time, and, for most black women. In most cases, this was the only kind of work they could find. Faulkner and Hurston each choose black women as main characters in order to illustrate how black women in particular were treated by men at this time. Nancy and Delia have one very serious common problem: each is violently abused, and violently repressed by her husband. Delia works very hard to own her dream home, but Sykes still feels that because he is the man of the house, he has the right to control Delia. Jesus and Sykes each act as leaders of their households, not because Nancy and Delia want to be followers, but because they, as men, insist on dominating their wives."
Abstract This paper investigates the claim that girls are discriminated against within the American education system. The paper begins with a definition of key terms and a review of the research on gender inequality in schools. The differing viewpoints on the topic are considered and the causes and influences of genderbias are looked at. Discrimination amongst staff is also touched on. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving the situation.
From the Paper "Gender equity, in education, is defined as, "the provision of equality of opportunity and the realization of equality of results for all students based on individual aptitudes, abilities and interests, regardless of gender" (AAUW, 1999). The failure to ensure this equity is known as gender discrimination, or gender bias. Within education, the existence of gender discrimination can be determined by a wide range of factors, such as; enrollment levels; exam results; the manner in which teachers respond to, and interact with, students; the topics and materials used within the teaching process; and the manner in which the school environment and social conditions influence the students. In 1972 the US Department of Education passed Title IX, a set of amendments aimed at reforming gender inequity in schools."
