Abstract This paper explains the implications of tariffs in general. The author identifies issue of tariffs and quotas such as the increased price of steel. The paper argues against protectionist laws.
From the Paper "According to the International Society for Individual Liberty online, protectionist laws raise taxes called tariffs on imported goods or impose limits or quotas on the amount of goods governments permit to enter into a country. They are laws that not only restrict the choice of consumer goods but also contribute greatly both to the cost of goods and to the cost of doing business. So under protectionism, you end-up poorer with less money for buying other things you ..."
Abstract This paper acknowledges how, for many compounded reasons including opportunity, segregation, and even outright discrimination, women and minorities still hold fewer positions of power in the work place, especially in representation to their statistical occurrence in the larger population. It looks at how, because of this, many organizations have adopted hiring quotas as a part of what is today known as affirmative action and how, even though these quotas have engendered change in the diversity of the workplace, they are being challenged today by some as unnecessary and even unjust.
From the Paper "Yet clearly the hiring quotas established by the civil rights legislation and it aftermath have clearly demonstrated a good, albeit artificial, start to the establishment of representative diversity in the work place. "In 1964, just as the Civil Rights Act was being passed, it condoned 'temporary' hiring quotas in organizations with a history of racial discrimination. It continued to reject 'reverse discrimination,'" (Gavora) Reverse discrimination is a concept that claims that hiring quotas and other affirmative actions standards discriminate against the majority. Most legislators agree that the standards have and continue to make a difference in the opportunities of minorities and women to establish careers in non-traditional fields and possibly in positions of power that might further aide the cause of diversity."
Abstract This paper addresses the issue of affirmative action, reverse discrimination and the court case of Bakke vs. Regents of the University of California. Bakke was a white male who applied to Davis in 1973 and 1974 under the general admissions program. He was rejected in spite of having higher scores and grades than many minority applicants who were admitted and sued on the grounds that no person should be denied participation in any program receiving federal funding for reasons of race or color. It evaluates how the issue of affirmative action remains a difficult one for Americans to this day and how it is often characterized as a quota system, though quotas need not be part of affirmative action at all. The Bakke case was an early challenge to affirmative action but did not end it by any means. The trial court found that the special program did operate as a racial quota and that the program violated the Federal and State Constitutions and Title VI.
From the Paper "Actually, the Supreme Court refused to review the Hopwood decision. In a separate case in 2000, an appeals court upheld the affirmative action policies of the University of Washington and cited the Bakke decision as the law. The Supreme Court in 2001 let this decision stand, thus leaving the decision in place that found achieving diversity to be an adequate justification for public colleges to consider race in admissions. This was a victory for supporters of affirmative action, a group which includes most college officials."
Abstract This paper discusses China's emerging textile industry after the WTO lifted the quota system in January 2005. Some countries have refused to lift all quotas claiming that China has an unfair competitive advantage. This paper explores China's textile market and how it compares to markets in other countries. China has pledged to ensure more effective macro control of its textile sector and work with the European Union (EU) on a way to resolve the trade issue.
From the Paper "In the United States consumers can walk into any Wal-Mart, K-Mart, Zellers, or any other retail outlet and buy clothing with labels that read "Made in Sri Lanka" or "Made in Indonesia." It is not uncommon for garments to be constructed in these regions, yet what many consumers do not realize is that the fabric was made somewhere else. More often than not, the fabric used to make each garment is made from cotton spun and yarn woven in China. At the beginning of 2005, China, along with more than 40 countries from around the world, including Nepal, El Salvador, Honduras, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka, signed the scheduled elimination of quotas for exporting to the United States and member countries in the European Union."
Abstract An in-depth research paper into China joining the WTO and the details of the agreement of trade tariffs and quotas that was established. The paper discusses the different business cultures between east and west and why these differing cultures made it harder to implement the changes into China's economy. The writer examines how these countries are now able to merge due to the trend of globalization - both economically and culturally.
I. Introduction
II. Review of Literature
China and the West in Business
Case Studies
Tips and Other Opinions
III. Methodology
IV. Results
A Convergence of Business Cultures?
Case Studies
Tips, Strategies and Opinions
V. Summary and Conclusion
Implications and Recommendations for Further Study
References
From the Paper "What makes China stand out as a global market potential, despite its status as an underdeveloped country, is its sheer size: its huge and diverse population of close to 1.2 billion is five times the US population. This makes China the world's largest consumer economy (Ralston et al). This is why those who wish trade with, and invest in, China must be most knowledgeable about Guanxi, the Chinese's negotiating behavior (Buttery and Leung, 1997). It is their access to the needed influence in China in order to make things happen there, in establishing political capital and building relationships, which foreign investors must have and use to do business in China. But Western or foreign investors must be most aware that they will not finish up with a single negotiation or accomplishing a quick return-on-investment. Guanxi requires the building of a life-long relationship with foreign investors and proof of certain virtues. The Chinese culture in business differs widely from the Western in a number of ways, which must be effectively addressed to insure business success."
Abstract This paper discusses that foremost governmental and economic institutions are besieged with demands for affirmative action, the policies designed to correct persistent racial and ethnic inequalities in promotion, hiring, and accessing higher education. The author points out that a major argument of those who oppose affirmative action is against the use of ?quotas? to effect equality in the workplace, where capable people are neglected at the expense of less capable or similarly capable, politically correct candidates. The paper stresses that a serious limitation of the arguments opposed to affirmative action is that they fail to consider a remedy for the injustices that permeate the workplace.
From the Paper "However, one of the distinct limitations of those who promote affirmative action programs do not recognize how these programs can belittle if not downright insult minorities who excel despite race or ethnic classifications as part of some EOE initiative. In effect, we could ask, why should the measure of achievement be a group norm? For instance, Asians do better than whites on math SAT"s; should whites who outperform the white group norm be given special preference" Don?t these types of arguments made by proponents of affirmative action that some groups are inherently inferior in certain areas and that these programs will accomplish nothing more than a simple masking of the results."
This paper presents research designed to analyze affirmative action in California by examining the past, present, and future of African-Americans at two California, upper-tier, medical and law schools.
Abstract This paper explains that the reason this study is proposed is that many argue the mere elimination of the discriminatory practices of the past has not eliminated the deeper problems of racism and the lack of equal rights, equal opportunity, and equal consideration for the African-American community. The author points out that the United States seemed to be moving ever-closer to a curious situation, one in which an artificial system of quotas, or "preferences", was aiming to create a "color-blind" society in which positions of employment and trust were occupied, at all levels, by persons of various racial and ethnic groups in proportion to their numbers in the general population. The paper states that the researcher will use a questionnaire to examine both how African-Americans view their own experience at UCLA and USC's medical and law schools and how they perceive the African-American experience in general at those schools.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Proposed Research
Purpose of Study
The Setting
Participants
Survey Instrument
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Evaluation
Conclusion
From the Paper "Everything changed, however, as a result of the Civil Rights Movement and the calls made for justice and change by such outstanding spokesmen for human rights as the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and a host of other political and social activists. Jim Crow was abolished, and schools across America were desegregated. Judges all over the country ordered the busing of school-age children to schools that were often far from their homes. The aim was to create schools with student populations that reflected the genuine racial and ethnic make-up of America and of its local communities. From now on, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and other Minorities would learn side by side with Whites. Colleges and universities too, actively sought African-American, Hispanic, Latino, and Asian students. The law schools of both public institutions of higher learning like UCLA, and private schools like USC, established Affirmative Action Programs that aimed to guarantee a certain number of places for these Minorities."
Abstract This paper explains that tariffs, which are taxes on imports of commodities into a country or area, (1) supply income for the government and (2) are extensively used to defend domestic manufacturer's profits from overseas opposition; however, this defense comes at an economic cost to domestic consumers who pay higher prices for import competing goods and to the financial system as a whole. The author points out that, since 1948, when average tariffs on manufactured goods reached 30 percent in most developed economies, these economies sought to reduce tariffs on manufactured goods through numerous rounds of discussions under the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade (GATT). The paper relates that many non-tariff barriers, such as administrative refinement (arbitrary tariff classification), quantitative limitations (quotas and embargoes) and customs management (uplifting invoice value) are especially damaging to exports from developing countries especially the least developed countries.
From the Paper "Economists and trade experts have been trying to certificate the occurrence of NTBs and are also struggling with the trickier task of shaping the particular financial consequence of a number of national or restricted requirements and regulations on limiting imports. Non-tariff barriers may comprise anti-dumping measures, new technological standards applied to imports, innovative security regulations, altered hygienic necessities, or more challenging procedures for import licensing and customs clearance. Experts say it can be tricky to differentiate among legitimate measures taken by industrialized countries to protect public health and promote consumer safety and regulations that abuse free-trade principles and unjustly limit imports."
Abstract This paper argues that, while some people believe that affirmative action is necessary in the United States to ensure equal opportunities for minorities, the real outcome is reverse discrimination and injustice because racial quotas foster racism. The author points out that affirmative action was not supposed to last forever but was intended only to jump-start the machinery of tolerance and reason and then to be removed. The paper relates that affirmative action polices continue because of support (1) from the American politicians who understand that preferences are problematical but still want to be favorably viewed among the general population and (2) from potential grievants and the lawyers who represent them.
From the Paper "The traditional solution to the problem of racism is colorblindness, or individual awareness. For example, in the job sphere there are only three essential things an employer needs to know about an individual applicant. First, the employer should question whether the applicant has the relevant ability and knowledge or the capacity to learn readily. Second, the employer needs to know whether the person is willing to exert the needed effort. Finally, the applicant should be judged on his character, including traits like honesty and integrity."
Abstract This paper addresses a number of economic issues, including: globalization, account deficit, similar developed economies, comparative vs competitive advantage, creative destruction, tariffs vs quotas, international specialization, Treaty of Versailles reparations payments, Doha Round, anti dumping procedures.
From the Paper "Globalization will likely continue to expand in the future because the process is just beginning and still has potential for much more growth. Companies are changing direction to take advantage of globalization and new paradigms of ..."
Tags: globalization, account deficit, similar developed economies, comparative vs competitive advantage, creative destruction, tariffs vs quotas, international specialization, Treaty of Versailles reparations payments, Doha Round, antidumping procedures
Abstract This paper discusses the major trade issues related to theories of comparative advantage, outsourcing as well as trade quotas and tariffs. Additionally, this paper reviews the concept of free trade in relation to free trade zones and the World Trade Organization's role in governing international free trade. This paper then examines the role of free trade agreements in international trade.
From the Paper "Comparative advantages in certain product categories are established by the constraints under which the product and or services are manufactured or produced. Products that are generally considered to be labor intensive usually provide a comparative advantage to countries where the labor pool is cheap and plentiful; i.e. China and India, while countries that are highly developed and the labor pool is comprised of wage workers who expect and receive higher wages are disadvantaged in such product or service categories. In such cases, the trade off is, according to the theory of comparative advantage, that the emerging markets where cheap and plentiful labor exists offers cost-benefit advantages for companies to locate their production facilities in these markets, and consequently, companies with higher level products or technologies market their products to these emerging economies."
Abstract This paper explains that, although Title IX is most famous for demanding parity in funding for athletics for both male and female teams in terms of activities offered, scholarship opportunities and dollars allocated for coaching and equipment, its goal is parity of educational opportunities for men and women in all areas of academia. The author points out that critics of Title IX claim that enforcement has evolved into an unfair quota system and underfunding of collegiate sports such as track and field and crew. The paper relates that one of the most significant impacts of Title IX is that women, regardless of whether they participate in athletics, now graduate from college in numbers proportionate to those of their male counterparts.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Title IX
Recent Legislative Controversy--Title IX
Years of Social Changes and Other Legacies of Title IX
Title IX Not a Panacea--Some Hidden Costs
Conclusion
From the Paper "In reference to athletics and professional development, it is worthy of note that one cannot simply separate success in athletics from success later in life. Of course, it is a cliche that athletics teach athletes about fairness and good sportsman- (or person)-ship. Scholarship opportunities are also often critical in helping disadvantaged and minority students gain access to a college education and to scholarships, both men and women. So long as the school's commitment to spectator athletics does not outweigh its commitment to academics this can be a boon for the athletes it benefits."
Abstract Many developing nations rely heavily on their ability to produce low cost goods for the international market in order to fuel their economies. This paper examines how the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) was introduced to protect the economies of developed nations' textiles and clothing industries through the introduction of quotas. It also discusses how, as a result, many developing nations have found that their access to such large markets as the United States and the European Union have been restricted quite drastically and thus the expansion of such industries has been limited.
From the Paper "International trade is based on economic theory states that there is a potential gain from trade among two or more countries, in doing so each country will export the good in which it has a comparative advantage over another in the production of a certain commodity if its opportunity cost of producing that commodity is lower (Daniels, J. & Radebaugh, L. & Sullivan, D. 2004, p147). The theory of comparative advantage comes from the theory of absolute advantage which states that certain countries have an advantage over other countries in producing certain commodities, eg Saudi Arabia producing petroleum, Australia producing beef, China producing textiles and clothing. This can be due to differences in land, labour, capital and technology (Fraser, I & Fraser, S & Gionea, J. 2003, p206). "
Abstract The paper explains the perspective of those against affirmative action programs that led to California enacting Proposition 209. The paper explains further that this was a ban on the practice of giving institutionalized preferential treatment to people based upon their gender, race, color, ethnicity or national origin. The paper relates that this resulted in hiring and enrollment practices being made based solely upon merit rather than artificial balancing quotas. The paper concludes that regardless of whether or not it is "good" or "bad" for California, Prop 209 appears to have succeeded in its intent over the past decade.
From the Paper "California enacted anti-discrimination in employment and other venues legislation in 1996 that, in effect, made it illegal to discriminate against or to offer preferential treatment to any person in education, government contracts or employment based upon their race, gender, ethnicity, national origin, or color. Proponents took the position that this measure would level the playing field within California, making opportunities for education and employment available based on skill and merit rather than upon other artificial factors."
Abstract This paper discusses how racism affects education in the 21st century. The paper discusses how racism in America has changed over time from being directed almost entirely towards African Americans, to now include other minority groups. It specifically looks at how racism affects education in terms of classroom practices, access, admissions policies and results, quotas and more.
From the Paper "With their college preparation then lacking and as a result qualitatively unequal to the preparation for college of white students also seeking higher education admission, higher education becomes even harder for minority students to successfully obtain. In 2004 Solorzano and Ornelas compared patterns of enrollments of Latino/a and African American high school students in advanced placement courses in four separate high schools within the Los Angeles [California] Unified School District. The four particular high schools studied by the authors were spread over four very different geographical areas of Los Angeles."
