Abstract
This paper discusses quantum tunneling, which is a function of quantum-mechanical activity in the instance where a particle moves against potential energy and appears on the other side of the energy barrier. The paper describes the theory behind quantum tunneling. It focuses on the Esaki diode and looks at its potential uses now and in the future.

From the Paper
"While the Esaki diode has not been widely used, its application is nearing widespread use in computers. The diode circuits have been developed and crash programs have been implemented by major computer makers in order to apply it to communications equipment. Yet there still is resistance to the use of these phenomenal little circuits, where currents may be reversed. Some designers and engineers prefer transistors. Proven circuits and solid-state technology that is already acceptable seem to be sufficient, they say. But interest in the diode is so great that they are being forced to try to apply this not-so-new technology to obtain ultra-high speed and ultra-low power consumption in the computer industry. The diode phenomenon dominated 1960 Physics Conferences."

Tags:mechanical, energy, barrier

Abstract
This paper examines how quantum cryptography is a fast growing form of encryption that is not based upon the difficulty of mathematical algorithms and instead employs quantum physics to encrypt information on the physical level. It emphasizes the need for an innovative cipher as well as the need to inform the IT community regarding the commercial application of quantum cryptography. It also provides a broad overview of the quantum cryptographic protocol and operation using fiber optic media.

From the Paper
"The integrity of information between sender and receiver relies upon secure channels and more importantly the ability to protect the information from unauthorized recipients. The transmission of information can be compromised when a third party listens in on the transmission media measuring the physical object. Consequently, the eavesdropper can effectively intercept the contents of a communication. Certain types of classical cryptography have proven vulnerable to the interception of data and the incident can remain undetected during the entire transmission. This idea of a man-in-the-middle attack on communication media using quantum cryptography is not possible due to the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum superposition's and quantum entanglement are two properties of quantum physics used to detect eavesdropping. "

Tags:fiber, optic, media, physics, computer

Abstract
This paper discusses the development of quantum mechanics, illustrating its background which began with the classical theory of the atom, continued to Bohr's simple atomic theory, and was developed further with de Broglie's wave theory, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and Schrodinger's equation. To further investigate the development of quantum mechanics, each of these stages are looked at in more detail, showing the main ideas that each stage added to the understanding of the atom. This paper shows that quantum mechanics is based on the combination of the ideas of many scientists, with the final acceptance of quantum theory occurring when Schrodinger's equation tied together previous theories and allowed them to be applied to subatomic particles.

From the Paper
"The classical theory of the atom is based on the model of an atom being made up of a positive nucleus containing protons and neutrons with negatively charged electrons orbiting around this nucleus. This model was first proposed by Rutherford in 1911 who described the atom saying, "Most of the volume of the atom is empty space in which electrons move around the nucleus." This basic model of the atom has been expanded on and used to determine how chemicals react with each other, the charges of chemicals and the physical properties of chemicals. While this has involved expanding the theory, the basic understanding of the structure remains the same."

Tags:bohr, debroglie, heisenberg, schrodinger

Abstract
This paper discusses the fundamental contribution of the quantum theory to theoretical statistics. The paper presents and discusses the key moment of the first quantization. It looks at the relationship of the mean and the variance to energy. It then describes and analyzes Planck's procedure. Finally, the paper discusses the statistical meaning of the procedure to quantum physics.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
First Example of Quadratic Variance Distributions
Introducing Correlations: an Interpretation of Quantum
Formal Description of the Quadratic Variance Ensembles
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The fact that statistical physics can be taken as a particular type of statistical inference does not seem to play too much of a theoretical role in physics today. It is perhaps the strong suggestion of subjectivity associated with the concept of inference that determines physicists to rely mostly upon kinetic basis of statistical laws. However, recognized or not, the statistical inference has played a very important part in such fundamental problems like building physical concepts. One illustrative example is the concept of quantum. Originally related to the frequency property of light, it was in time explained as associated with its particle properties, then with the temperature of light. All these properties can be traced logically back to the particular type of statistics which is fundamental for the ensembles characterizing the black body radiation. More than this, that very type of statistics is essential in the contemporary sophisticated descriptions of the squeezed states and their related concepts. This essay presents details of the statistics involved in the history of quantum, and the essential points of this history."

Tags:distributions, exponential, Gaussian, Blacbody, Radiation, Poincare, Thermal

Abstract
This paper discusses the corporate performance of the Quantum Corporation. In particular, the paper discusses Quantum's past performance and then looks at its current mission, objectives and strategies. The paper then discusses the corporate governance of the organization and looks at its management levels. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis is also presented in addition to recommendations for the future.

Table of Contents:
Current Situation
Past Corporate Performance
Current Mission, Objectives, Strategies
Corporate Governance
Board of Directors
Top Management
Opportunities/Threats
Strengths/Weaknesses
Analysis of Strengths/Weaknesses/Opportunities/Threats
Alternatives/Recommendations
Strategic Alternatives
Recommended Strategy
Implementation
Evaluation/Milestones

From the Paper
"In terms of product focus, this could be seen as an opportunity for further expansion, as the company's innovative personnel departments can create new or improved products and services to compliment the existing ones. It is however important to maintain the advantage of product focus by ensuring the quality of new or improved aspects within the company."
"It is also important to maintain training in this regard, ensuring that all departments and branches remain consistent with Quantum's existing reputation. It is therefore recommended that new products and services be created on a sparing basis, and it could also occur in response to the market in terms of competition or customer needs."

Tags:performance, strategies, evaluation

Abstract
This paper looks at the differences between two new technologies, quantum and biological computing, examining how they can be used in different fields. It examines problems experienced in the development of these computing techniques but also shows how much of an impact they would have on current technology. The writer explains that instead of using microchips, a quantum computer uses a liquid of appropriate molecule which is more accurate.

From the Paper
"Quantum and Biological computing are two technologies which are on the forefront of advancement in computers today. Both technologies are relatively in their infancy, but so far there have been a good amount of promising results in both research and prototypical experimentation. The reason behind the quest for a different type of computing system is not simply for the purpose of advancement for the sake of advancement; but rather because conventional microchips are nearing the apex of their computation ability for certain applications. There is a lot of competition in the field of quantum computing, both for the financial gain, and scientific breakthroughs which would result in a practical quantum computer. The field of Biological computing is one which does not hold the promise of quantum computing, as far as practical application; But does open new doors into the realm of computing without being tied to digital circuits and all the limitations they possess. Conventional computers can be improved by further miniaturization of circuits, but the major roadblock is that transistors and electrical wiring can ultimately only be made as slim as the width of one atom. Once again business and science are teaming up in order to benefit each other, and bring about the next great evolution in computing technology."

Tags:chip, molecule, atom, DNA, cell, bit, electronic, microchip, circuit

Abstract
This essay explains the basis of Quantum Mechanic Theory of the atom, which describes the behavior of electrons in atoms & molecules. The author examines this theory and provides a detailed analysis of it.

From the Paper
"The Quantum Mechanics Theory describes the behavior of electrons in atoms & molecules. Quantum Mechanics is also referred to as Wave Mechanics. The theory of quantum mechanics tells us that in the atom, electron waves are standing waves. This theory was devised by Max Planck in 1901. He stated that light is emitted by the atoms of a luminous body in separate packets or bundles of energy called quanta or photons. One or more of the electrons revolving about the nucleus of an atom can be made to jump from one orbit to another. As they do so one or more photons are emitted. This energy radiates from the luminous body as electromagnetic waves. The energy content of a photon determines the length and frequency of the wave. Wave mechanics views the probability of finding an electron at a given point in space."

Tags:chemistry, physics

Abstract
This paper discusses the implementation of the program reviewed within the context of other case studies in IT initiatives in the industry . The author examines the existing business structure and vision of the company. The paper analyzes whether the eHITEX initiative will easily mesh with the rest of the company.

From the Paper
"Quantum Corporation was founded in 1980 in California and since then has managed to capture a significant portion of the digital and analog storage media market. At the start of the year 2000, for example, the company already employed 6,300 employees and showed no indication that growth wasn't an inevitable part of the company's future. Quantum operated with extreme authority in the market, providing storage media for all the major PC manufacturers, not to mention storage solutions to others such as the makers of TiVo. To give some perspective, in the year 2000, Quantum managed to ship 30 million desktop drives, retained its title as the market share leader for the seventh year in a row, and captured 24% of the total market (McAfee 2)."

Tags:business, information, technology

Abstract
This paper provides a memo based on an article and a second research piece about the construction of the Hoosac tunnel in Massachusetts. The memo begins with the idea of tunneling in 1845, and then having the first train run through the longest tunnel of its time in 1875.

From the Paper
"At a time when construction of tunnels is no longer news, when the innovation of the "Chunnel" that enormous railway dual tube under the English Channel linking France and Britain is an everyday "commute, one can refer to the innovation of rock-tunneling technology which originated in the middle of the nineteenth Century- an innovation this article clearly ascribes to Alva Crocker.

Tags:tunnels, drill, transportation

Abstract
This paper explains how scientists have developed a computer that processes information running on DNA. It discusses how the computer is so microscopic it can?t be seen by the human eye. The implications for the future are tremendous, and it is now feasible to believe that sometime in the future, man will become part human and part computer. It discusses how the technology that scientists are currently developing may allow tiny computers to analyze, assess and correct biochemical abnormalities before they manifest themselves as problems.

From the Paper
"Test Tube computers came about as the idea that a computer can be so small that "a trillion of it's kind can fit into a test tube." The idea was developed by researchers at the Weizmann Institute in Israel, who developed a nano-computer that consists of DNA and DNA-processing enzymes which are dissolved in a liquid (Noble, 2001). DNA has always functioned as somewhat of a mini computer, and strands of DNA are so small they can't be detected by the human eye. The discovery has lead researchers to believe that it is possible to perhaps develop a device that is "capable of processing DNA inside of the human body, finding abnormalities and creating healing drugs" (Noble, 2001). A momentous occasional in revolutionary history."

Tags:dna, human, scientist