Abstract This paper discusses quantumtunneling, which is a function of quantum-mechanical activity in the instance where a particle moves against potential energy and appears on the other side of the energy barrier. The paper describes the theory behind quantumtunneling. It focuses on the Esaki diode and looks at its potential uses now and in the future.
From the Paper "While the Esaki diode has not been widely used, its application is nearing widespread use in computers. The diode circuits have been developed and crash programs have been implemented by major computer makers in order to apply it to communications equipment. Yet there still is resistance to the use of these phenomenal little circuits, where currents may be reversed. Some designers and engineers prefer transistors. Proven circuits and solid-state technology that is already acceptable seem to be sufficient, they say. But interest in the diode is so great that they are being forced to try to apply this not-so-new technology to obtain ultra-high speed and ultra-low power consumption in the computer industry. The diode phenomenon dominated 1960 Physics Conferences."
Abstract This paper gives an overview of carpal tunnel syndrome, its causes, symptoms, treatment and preventive measures. It discusses the structure of the carpal tunnel the parts that are affected in the syndrome. It also describes the surgical resolution of the problem as well as non-surgical options. It gives the many different causes of the disorder, physical, medical and structural.
From the Paper "Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the medial nerve, the major nerve supplying the hand Carpal Mayo NINDS. The carpal tunnel is a tunnel with three sides composed of bone and the fourth side composed of ligament through which the .."
Tags: median nerve, carpal tunnel, pressure, repetitive action
Abstract This paper discusses the development of quantum mechanics, illustrating its background which began with the classical theory of the atom, continued to Bohr's simple atomic theory, and was developed further with de Broglie's wave theory, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and Schrodinger's equation. To further investigate the development of quantum mechanics, each of these stages are looked at in more detail, showing the main ideas that each stage added to the understanding of the atom. This paper shows that quantum mechanics is based on the combination of the ideas of many scientists, with the final acceptance of quantum theory occurring when Schrodinger's equation tied together previous theories and allowed them to be applied to subatomic particles.
From the Paper "The classical theory of the atom is based on the model of an atom being made up of a positive nucleus containing protons and neutrons with negatively charged electrons orbiting around this nucleus. This model was first proposed by Rutherford in 1911 who described the atom saying, ?Most of the volume of the atom is empty space in which electrons move around the nucleus.? This basic model of the atom has been expanded on and used to determine how chemicals react with each other, the charges of chemicals and the physical properties of chemicals. While this has involved expanding the theory, the basic understanding of the structure remains the same."
Abstract This paper examines how quantum cryptography is a fast growing form of encryption that is not based upon the difficulty of mathematical algorithms and instead employs quantum physics to encrypt information on the physical level. It emphasizes the need for an innovative cipher as well as the need to inform the IT community regarding the commercial application of quantum cryptography. It also provides a broad overview of the quantum cryptographic protocol and operation using fiber optic media.
From the Paper "The integrity of information between sender and receiver relies upon secure channels and more importantly the ability to protect the information from unauthorized recipients. The transmission of information can be compromised when a third party listens in on the transmission media measuring the physical object. Consequently, the eavesdropper can effectively intercept the contents of a communication. Certain types of classical cryptography have proven vulnerable to the interception of data and the incident can remain undetected during the entire transmission. This idea of a man-in-the-middle attack on communication media using quantum cryptography is not possible due to the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum superposition's and quantum entanglement are two properties of quantum physics used to detect eavesdropping. "
Abstract This paper discusses the fundamental contribution of the quantum theory to theoretical statistics. The paper presents and discusses the key moment of the first quantization. It looks at the relationship of the mean and the variance to energy. It then describes and analyzes Planck's procedure. Finally, the paper discusses the statistical meaning of the procedure to quantum physics.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
First Example of Quadratic Variance Distributions
Introducing Correlations: an Interpretation of Quantum Formal Description of the Quadratic Variance Ensembles
Conclusions
From the Paper "The fact that statistical physics can be taken as a particular type of statistical inference does not seem to play too much of a theoretical role in physics today. It is perhaps the strong suggestion of subjectivity associated with the concept of inference that determines physicists to rely mostly upon kinetic basis of statistical laws. However, recognized or not, the statistical inference has played a very important part in such fundamental problems like building physical concepts. One illustrative example is the concept of quantum. Originally related to the frequency property of light, it was in time explained as associated with its particle properties, then with the temperature of light. All these properties can be traced logically back to the particular type of statistics which is fundamental for the ensembles characterizing the black body radiation. More than this, that very type of statistics is essential in the contemporary sophisticated descriptions of the squeezed states and their related concepts. This essay presents details of the statistics involved in the history of quantum, and the essential points of this history."
Abstract This paper examines how carpal tunnel syndrome has become one of the most hotly discussed issues facing workplace technology in the 1990s and how as computers become increasingly omnipresent in offices worldwide, and as the workweek continues to become more hectic and fast-paced, requiring more labor hours, employees soon spend most of their days in front of a computer terminal. Apart from the discomfort to the employee of the syndrome, it also discusses how human resource offices should indeed be aware that carpal tunnel syndrome, can for the most part be prevented and thus avoid substantial expenses to the firm, the insurer and the employee, as well as possible legal costs.
From the Paper "The syndrome is usually caused by excess pressure upon the median nerve caused by scarred tissue, repetitive finger motions, tendon sheath inflammation, fractured forearms, or sprain or dislocation occurring in the wrist. Although carpal tunnel syndrome may be hypothetically caused by other factors, such as obesity and pregnancy, the ailment is most often found in individuals who work at their computer terminals excessively, with long hours of typing, and thus put their hands and wrists at risk of swelling and undue pressure. Although carpal tunnel syndrome is "usually curable" (3) through surgery or self-relaxation techniques such as the taking of breaks to relieve stress, the syndrome can potentially lead to such effects as partial or complete paralysis or numbness of the affected hand and wrist. "
Abstract This paper presents an overview of carpal tunnel syndrome. The paper examines the cause of the syndrome and the ergonomic changes that can help prevent its occurrence. In addition the paper presents diagrams to illustrate where it impacts the body.
Contents:
Introduction
Statistics About Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Cause
Types of Jobs That Cause CTS
OSHA
Examples From Occupations
Solutions to Reduce The Risk of CTS
Ergonomic Guidelines for CTS
Effects of Other Risk Factors
From the Paper "The Occupational Safety and Health Administration organization has looked at Carpal Tunnel syndrome for many years and has developed a list of guidelines for employers to use when trying to prevent the occurrence of the syndrome in their workforce. At this time it is not mandatory to comply with the guidelines but employers who do so will find they have a reduced incidence of claims which in the long run will be extremely cost effective. In addition by implementing the guidelines set out by OSHA on a voluntary basis it will help reduce the claims thereby encouraging OSHA not to mandate but to allow voluntary participation in the guideline implementations.
The one thing that OSHA does want to mandate is what happens to a worker who has been diagnosed by a physician as having Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. "
Abstract This paper looks at the differences between two new technologies, quantum and biological computing, examining how they can be used in different fields. It examines problems experienced in the development of these computing techniques but also shows how much of an impact they would have on current technology. The writer explains that instead of using microchips, a quantum computer uses a liquid of appropriate molecule which is more accurate.
From the Paper "Quantum and Biological computing are two technologies which are on the forefront of advancement in computers today. Both technologies are relatively in their infancy, but so far there have been a good amount of promising results in both research and prototypical experimentation. The reason behind the quest for a different type of computing system is not simply for the purpose of advancement for the sake of advancement; but rather because conventional microchips are nearing the apex of their computation ability for certain applications. There is a lot of competition in the field of quantum computing, both for the financial gain, and scientific breakthroughs which would result in a practical quantum computer. The field of Biological computing is one which does not hold the promise of quantum computing, as far as practical application; But does open new doors into the realm of computing without being tied to digital circuits and all the limitations they possess. Conventional computers can be improved by further miniaturization of circuits, but the major roadblock is that transistors and electrical wiring can ultimately only be made as slim as the width of one atom. Once again business and science are teaming up in order to benefit each other, and bring about the next great evolution in computing technology."
Abstract This paper discusses the corporate performance of the Quantum Corporation. In particular, the paper discusses Quantum's past performance and then looks at its current mission, objectives and strategies. The paper then discusses the corporate governance of the organization and looks at its management levels. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis is also presented in addition to recommendations for the future.
Table of Contents:
Current Situation
Past Corporate Performance
Current Mission, Objectives, Strategies
Corporate Governance
Board of Directors
Top Management
Opportunities/Threats
Strengths/Weaknesses
Analysis of Strengths/Weaknesses/Opportunities/Threats
Alternatives/Recommendations
Strategic Alternatives
Recommended Strategy
Implementation
Evaluation/Milestones
From the Paper "In terms of product focus, this could be seen as an opportunity for further expansion, as the company's innovative personnel departments can create new or improved products and services to compliment the existing ones. It is however important to maintain the advantage of product focus by ensuring the quality of new or improved aspects within the company."
"It is also important to maintain training in this regard, ensuring that all departments and branches remain consistent with Quantum's existing reputation. It is therefore recommended that new products and services be created on a sparing basis, and it could also occur in response to the market in terms of competition or customer needs."
Abstract This paper discusses the philosophical and psychological themes and meaning in Ernesto Sabato's novel, "The Tunnel". The paper explains how the symbolism in the story and Sabato's narrative technique convey both the complex thoughts of the protagonist and the message of the story that man is incapable of controlling the circumstances in which he is thrown, nor can he alter his future.
From the Paper "The story begins with Castel in prison for the murder of Maria Iribarne, the woman he loved passionately. The narrative is not complex and the author has used rather simple and direct techniques to convey the issues troubling the highly complex mind of the protagonist. Since the protagonist and his thoughts are highly complex, the author has tried his best to keep the narrative simple in order not to confuse the reader too much. The confession of the crime appears very early in the novel when the ? protagonist introduces himself in these words: ?It should be sufficient to say that I am Juan Pablo Castel, the painter who killed Maria Iribarne.'' (Sabato p.09)."
Abstract This essay explains the basis of Quantum Mechanic Theory of the atom, which describes the behavior of electrons in atoms & molecules. The author examines this theory and provides a detailed analysis of it.
From the Paper "The Quantum Mechanics Theory describes the behavior of electrons in atoms & molecules. Quantum Mechanics is also referred to as Wave Mechanics. The theory of quantum mechanics tells us that in the atom, electron waves are standing waves. This theory was devised by Max Planck in 1901. He stated that light is emitted by the atoms of a luminous body in separate packets or bundles of energy called quanta or photons. One or more of the electrons revolving about the nucleus of an atom can be made to jump from one orbit to another. As they do so one or more photons are emitted. This energy radiates from the luminous body as electromagnetic waves. The energy content of a photon determines the length and frequency of the wave. Wave mechanics views the probability of finding an electron at a given point in space."
An examination and discussion of different theories proposed to explain clairvoyance, precognition, psychokinesis and other psi phenomena including electromagnetic radiation and quantum theory.
Abstract The strengths and weakness of various theories including extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation waves and quantum theory as it applies to psi are discussed. Also examined are the problems of scientific paradigm shifts and the possibility that the statistical evidence for psi activity is an "anomaly" in our current paradigm and a precursor to a paradigm shift.
From the Paper "Parapsychology occupies a unique position within the scientific realm. The results of the field are often considered invalid, fraudulent, or insignificant. Psi is often thought to be inconsistent with the current knowledge of physics. Despite the large body of statistical evidence for anomalous cognition, psi will not be widely accepted until a solid, testable physical theory is developed. Although the uncertainties and seemingly illogical consequences of quantum theory seem promising for the development of this sort of theory, as yet none exists."
Tags: elf, occult, paradigm, parapsychology, psychic, quantum, statistics, testing, theory
Abstract This paper discusses the work of the physicist John Bell, who's great recognized achievement occurred during the 1960s when he brought new life into the foundations of quantum theory. It examines how Bell demonstrated that discussion of such concepts as 'realism', 'determinism' and 'locality' could be formed into a rigorous mathematical statement, 'Bell's Theorem?, which is capable of experimental test. It looks at how his work has become a point of interest for scientists throughout the world who have found applications not only in quantum theory, but in investigations of the physical universe as well and how current applications of Bell's Inequality have been found in the development of quantum computing and quantum cryptography.
From the Paper "Quantum mechanics, however, fails to satisfy Bell's Inequality. He predicts correlations that cross over boundaries that are delineated by the structure of that inequality. Quantum mechanics predicts "odd" correlations that seem to defy a common, classical conception of reality, and in fact it is for basically this type of reason that Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen argued in 1935 that it was incomplete. The formulation of Bell's Inequality, however, allowed the possibility for determining, through experiment, which was right: quantum mechanics or a local reality theory of the sort Einstein postulated, because it stated what must be the case in our experiments if a locally real theory is correct."
Abstract This paper examines how, for many who lack a strong grounding in math and science, the two are often associated as being the same. The purpose of this paper is to define mathematics and science, showing them as two distinct fields of inquiry and then to show how advances in theoretical mathematics contribute the framework needed for scientists in the study of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, which in turn, is one of the many branches of science.
Outline
Introduction
Mathematics
Science
Quantum Mechanics
Mathematics and Quantum Mechanics
Science and Quantum Mechanics
From the Paper "Finally, applied mathematics is a term loosely applied to a range of studies which have significant use in the sciences, specifically the empirical sciences, (branches of science open to practical or experiential experimenting). Applied mathematics makes use of numerical methods and computer science, seeking concrete solutions to explicit mathematical problems. In science and technology it has a major use as a way to model and/or simulate natural phenomenon or events. Examples include using mathematical models in computer generated wind tunnel tests to predict the behavior of a given shape of a prototype airplane wing without resorting to expensive actual wind tunnel testing."
Abstract This paper examines the components necessary for successful emergency communication. The writer evaluates the actions of the New York City Emergency Communications Center in light of the September 11th terrorist attacks in that city. The strengths and weaknesses of the system are detailed, relative to potential problems such as natural disasters that could plague the city. Many of the inherent problems this writer feels the city would face are a result of the fact that much of the city's infrastructure, bridges, tunnels, subways and communication centers are located underground. In this writer's opinion, an earthquake would totally destroy much of the city's infrastructure which would lead to the city being forced to close down, and that would include the financial centers and the ramifications here are well-documented. The paper also details legislation that has been passed at the state level to deal with this potential threat. The writer makes several suggestions as to what would be necessary to avert a major disaster, including designating the Public Information Officer as the person who would be responsible for the coordination of all the agencies, predetermined safe centers should be well-publicized and known in each of the communities, the collecting areas for the victims and survivors of any disaster should be every few blocks, evacuation of bridges and tunnels should be well-planned and coordinated and there should be one umbrella agency that is responsible for the training and coordination of the emergency personnel in the event of a major disaster, such as an earthquake or terrorist attack.
From the Paper "In recent times, especially in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington DC, effective and speedy emergency communication has become paramount for response personnel?firefighters, police and paramedics. Emergency communications agencies like the North American Center For Emergency Communications (NACEC) were set up to provide quick and speedy services in cases of disaster. A Disaster Victim Information Exchange System (DVIS) was also setup to handle situations where families and loved ones required information about an individual evacuee's location, condition, immediate plans and special needs. In the past, trying to locate a person could take days or months, as information procured from the scene was sketchy and unreliable."
