Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the formal and cultural dimensions of the pyramids at Giza and the Louvre. The Great Pyramid of Giza as one of the wonders of the ancient world, and I.N. Pei's pyramid that serves as the entrance to the Louvre Museum are discussed.
From the Paper "A pyramid is not a pyramid is not a pyramid to paraphrase Gertrude Stein". Even monumental pyramids vary greatly one from the other as we can see if we compare the grand pyramid that I M Pei created to serve as an entrance to the Louvre Museum in Paris and the ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the USDA 2005 Food Pyramid and evaluates its success as a truly nutritious diet. It reviews how effective the USDA has been at educating the public. The paper also explores other eating styles would be healthier than those recommended by the USDA.
From the Paper "In January the USDA revealed its revised food pyramid and its dietary guidelines for Americans. It gives more specific data relating to portion size and the calories that should be consumed and can be tailored to the individual by age gender ..."
Abstract This well-researched paper details the main components and significance of the food pyramid. The familiar pyramid is comprised of six basic food groups, which include fats, protein, dairy products, fruits, vegetables and complex carbohydrates. This paper examines the main goals of the food pyramid, which was introduced, by the USDA in 1992, as a guide for Americans to aid in weight control, while balancing their nutritional intake. This paper stresses the importance of combining a healthy diet with regular physical activity, while limiting the intake of fats, sugars and salt. This paper details what needs to be done to maintain one's current weight as well as the measures to be taken in order to lose weight. This paper delves into the growing obesity problem prevalent in America, amongst adults and children, as well as the need for increased physical activity in the school system. This paper also discusses the views of those who oppose the USDA's nutritional guidelines, such as the The Harvard School of Public Health, that contends that the food pyramid is not the best diet, for addressing and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The 2005 Food Pyramid Balanced Intake and Physical Activity
Focus on Dairy Foods
Age, Gender, Weight and Exercise
Behavioral Change
Public Reactions
Private Businesses' Reactions
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "More than age, gender, weight and the amount of exercise or physical activity, the overhaul in the food guide pyramid was influenced by the need to effect that behavioral change through adequate but moderate nutritional choices, according to Hentges of the USDA. He said that this revised guide addressed most the sad fact that most Americans did not exercise regularly but had a sedentary lifestyle. It also called greater attention to concerns over trans fats and the benefits derived from whole grains. It offered more details on the amounts of calories in each group for daily intake. This revised version consisted of recommended servings of fruits, vegetables, grains, meat and milk, based on 12 calorie levels of 1,000 to 3,200 calories. The former food guide was based on only three levels, namely 1,600; 2,200; and 2,800 calorie levels."
Abstract This paper discusses how ancient Egypt was one of these first civilizations and how the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt were the first real kings in the world and because they were so powerful, they had the ability to build such astonishing structures such as the great pyramids. It discusses how the Egyptian pyramids are the oldest stone buildings in the world, standing for nearly 5,000 years and how their size, strength and age is the reason pyramids fascinate people to this day. It describes how the Egyptian pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and were said to be the pharaoh's "Castle of Eternity" in order to preserve their bodies for the next life. It examines the architecture, the design, the materials and the strict criteria to which they had to conform as well as the logisitics of how they were built at the time.
From the Paper "The base of the pyramid had to be a perfect square. This meant that all four sides had to be perfectly even in length. All four angles would have to be perfect right angles. This would prove to be difficult for the large distances that had to be measured. Each side of the Great Pyramid is measured at 755 feet in length. The Egyptians didn?t have measuring tapes like we have today. They made these measurements with cords of palm-fiber or flax-fiber, which tended to stretch when used to measure such distances. After this the base would finally be ready for the start of construction. While the base was being prepared and measured stone was already being quarried and brought down the river to be placed near the proposed sight for the pyramid (Pace, Mildred)."
Abstract This paper asserts that the ancient Egyptian sage Imhotep has two unique claims to fame: 1) he provides historians with the best documented instance of the deification of a man, and 2) he is the first known individual of genius. In a truly ironic fashion, the mortal man who designed the Great Step Pyramid as a tomb for the godlike Pharaoh Djoser was transformed into a god almost 2,000 years later and became the Egyptian god of healing. This paper provides an overview of the sage and vizier, Imhotep, the Great Step-Pyramid and its reflection of the belief systems in place at the time. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion. The paper includes a photograph of the pyramid.
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Imhotep
Step Pyramid of Djoser and Its Reflection of the Belief System
Personal Reasons for Selecting This Topic
Conclusion
From the Paper "In sum, it is certainly not an exaggeration to describe the Step Pyramid as a one of the most remarkable architectural works produced by the ancient Egyptians. "That later generations regarded it with exceptional esteem is dear, not only from the veneration which they accorded to Imhotep, but also from hieratic graffiti on the passage walls of the southern building, which record the admiration felt by some Egyptians who visited the monument more than a thousand years after it was built" (Edwards 1955:63). In fact, no other known pyramid has been found with the same quantity of imposing buildings designed specifically to supply the needs of the king in his after-life. In their stead, the kings who ruled two dynasties later were satisfied with pictorial representations simply carved in relief."
Abstract The paper offers a short review of the traditional food pyramid and its problems. It continues to gives reasons for the need to modify the food pyramid. The overhaul in the food guide pyramid was influenced by the need to effect that behavioral change through adequate but moderate nutritional choices. The author expands on the revised food pyramid and in conclusion highlights its many short comings.
From the Paper "The Department of Agriculture used people's age, gender, weight and the amount of exercise as primary considerations in developing the new food guide pyramid (Gersema 2003). Executive Director Eric Hentges of the USDA said that it aimed specifically at the overweight and those who did not get enough exercise. Because these groups comprised more than half the nation's population, he said that the revision was actually an attempt at changing people's behavior concerning caloric consumption. This came as a response to promptings from the White House Office of Management and Budget that the previous food pyramid was behind the country's obesity problem, which needed to be addressed and controlled."
Abstract This paper is written in the form of an address to the people of Egypt at the time of the construction of the pyramids. The paper instructs the people of Egypt to engineer and build a triumphant pyramid for Khufu at Giza. It explains the need for the pyramid and how the people will be rewarded for its construction by the Pharaoh Khufu. It also explains, in detail, how the pyramid will be constructed, including its materials and architecture.
From the Paper "A specialized team of workers will also be assigned to creating the pharaoh's inner chamber. The inner chamber shall not be constructed of the Giza granite but rather, of special stone from Aswan. Do not balk. We cannot be halfhearted with so sacred an endeavor. From Aswan we will trek through the sands to reach Giza because it is our sacred duty, because we know that by assisting the pharaoh we assist ourselves and our children and all of Egypt. There is no better way for us to show our gratitude for the king's will on earth than to participate in a project such as this. The people of Egypt will unite just as the Kingdoms of the South and North were united under Narmer (Hooker). No other pharaoh before Khufu had secured the integrity of Egypt, and this pyramid is his worthy tribute. His inner chamber shall be laden with treasure, befitting for a king such as he. The inner chamber shall be replete with sacred texts used to guide the pharaoh's soul to the afterlife, and it shall be replete with gold and jewels that the pharaoh be greeted as a god in the afterlife."
Abstract Description of the form of the Egyptian pyramid. Symmetrical perfection. The tomb as the center of a complex of buildings. Purpose of pyramid as a monument to a dead king (Cheops). Construction of the pyramid; materials and equipment used. Stone architectural achievement. Labor of slaves. Cultural, social and religious significance.
From the Paper THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
The pyramids of Egypt are, of course, the best-known and most famous. "They were the tombs of kings, and sometimes queens and other important persons. Most have the perfect symmetrical form of those at Gizeh." (No author 87) Many of the pyramids, or tombs, are over 5,000 years old. However, "the pyramid in its fully developed form was not an isolated structure, but part of a complex of buildings enclosed by a wall which was supposed to be the residence of the deceased king during his life after death." (Goedicke 40)
In looking at this complex, one can see that the center was the tomb itself, the pyramid which served as the monument to the dead king. Of course, pyramids were constructed during the lifetime of many of the Pharaohs (or kings) who planned very ..."
Abstract The pyramids are the very symbol of Egypt and represent a rich and exciting history of this once great nation. This paper details each pyramid constructed in Egypt from the first one built, to the last one of the 4th Dynasty. The paper includes the history of the creation of pyramids and some information about mummification, as well as the philosophies behind them.
From the Paper "Often times, a pharaoh had what was called a ?southern burial.? The southern burial had two purposes. First, the body would be buried in a pyramid in the north. It was believed that the soul or "ka" would then travel south to Abydos where the unused tomb, or cenotaph was (Brier 99). This was figurative of the reunion of Upper and Lower Egypt, which was highly celebrated by Egyptians. In addition, it served as a decoy for the real burial chamber to throw off tomb robbers".
Abstract This paper is an examination of the purposes and construction of the Great Pyramids. It looks at the connection between the afterlife and pyramids and their purpose as a demonstration of power and influence. It also discusses the mysterious nature of the construction of the pyramids.
Abstract This paper evaluates the functions of the Pyramid Texts that are based on the contrast between Western linear logic,and "the magico-religious mentality" of Ancient Egyptian culture. The paper also discusses the different functions of the Pyramid Texts Pyramid Texts and concludes that its main function was to solemnize the funeral and burial with the appurtenances necessary for the ascension of "coming forth by day", a construction of "The Book of the Dead" uniquely suited to the alchemic minds of the Ancient Egyptians who synthesized life's polarities in a way not available to our Western thought.
From the Paper "The Ancient Egyptian conception of reality was cyclical and grounded in the unique agricultural environment of Egypt. "Its inhabitants depended on a large degree on the fulfillment of natural cycles. " "Every day, they observed the unchanging cycle of the sun's passage: each night it died but was reborn on the horizon at dawn and continued its celestial course throughout the day, creating and sustaining life on earth. Similarly, in the annual cycle of the seasons, they saw the regular death and destruction of the vegetation, due to the parching of the land, which in turn was followed by the inundation of the River Nile, which revived and restored the plants and the crops. Both these great life-forces, the sun and the river, followed patterns of life, death and rebirth which probably inspired in the Egyptians a very early belief that individual human existence reflected these natural cycles" . "The rising and setting of the sun, the phases of the moon, the motions of the stars ('always visible from Egypt'), the annual flooding of the Nile...were perceived as manifestations of potent creative sources" and a continual process of growth, death, and rebirth" . Poised on the edge of Africa between the mutable, ever shifting sands of the desert and the fluctuating barrier of the ocean, life was seen as a series of constantly changing forms of existence dependably reoccurring and transposing into one another. "Death...was regarded not as an end, but merely as a further change...leading forward to another type of existence" .
Abstract This paper discusses the development of the pyramids. The paper describes the various stages the Egyptian architects went through before finally achieving the famous pyramids at Giza.
Abstract This paper suggests that in the government food pyramid, the generic category of meat products is too general; it should be separated into two subcategories of red meat and white meat and each subcategory should be treat differently. The author points out that, similarly, the carbohydrate category should be into subcategories: (1) Foods such as nuts and beans, which can provide part of the proteins needed, (2) whole grain foods and (3) the remaining carbohydrate category including white rice, white bread, pasta and sweets. The paper relates that the consumption of dairy products should be reduced.
From the Paper "However, the food pyramid never considered some of the negative effects of carbohydrates and of consuming them in 6 to 11 servings. One of these would be the fact that a massive switch in one's diet from fats to carbohydrates increases the blood level of triglyceride, with increased chances of heart disease. It would seem, in this case, that the old pyramid substitutes one source of heart diseases with another. Additionally, levels of low - density lipoprotein, commonly known as "bad cholesterol" increase as well when switching to carbohydrates. An increase in glucose and sugar levels, as well as the risk of obesity should be mentioned as well."
Abstract This paper examines and compares the pyramids of Egypt and those of the ancient Mayan culture, found in Mexico and parts of Central America. In an attempt to explain why these architectural legacies share so many striking similarities in spite of the thousands of years and geographical distances that separated the cultures that produced them, the paper considers what was important to the two civilizations and what it was that they were they trying to accomplish by building these complex and enormous structures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Egyptians
The Mayans
Conclusion
From the Paper "Half a world and three thousand years apart, two ancient civilizations built a series of remarkably similar structures shaped like and known as pyramids - or The Pyramids to us latecomers. The Egyptians built theirs in the twenty-sixth century b.c., or earlier, a short distance inland from the west bank of the Nile River; to date, eighty are known to exist. Built between 250 and 800 a.d., the dozen or so Mayan pyramids excavated thus far are located in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala and elsewhere in Central America. The biggest, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza in Egypt, was originally built to a height of 481 feet (though the top thirty feet have simply disintegrated over time) and was for more than four thousand years the largest man-made structure ever assembled. The Mayan pyramids are somewhat smaller, but imposing nonetheless."
Abstract This paper discusses the focus of Egyptian culture on preparation for death and the afterlife during the Old Kingdom. It looks at the immortality of pharaoh and the impact of pyramids on Egyptian economy and culture. It also examines the Myth of Orisis.
