Abstract
This paper looks at how the amount of crime increases every day and how governments are working over time to fight this disaster and reduce it. It shows how some countries adopt capital punishment as one of the best ways of deterring crime and how others that have abolished capital punishment are trying to show the negligible effect of this kind of punishment. It examines how the United States of America, the only western country that uses death penalty suffers from a huge amount of offense from other countries. It evaluates how statistics have proved that there is no real positive effect with capital punishment and what makes capital punishment ineffective are errors in judgments such as lack of justice and natural mistakes.

From the Paper
"In addition, the positive effects of death penalty on rate of crime are not proved. For many years it was thought that capital punishment is a deterrence of crime but later, when statistics became expanded, statisticians express that the idea that states with capital punishment have a lower crime rate is wrong. McManus (1998) expresses that states without the death penalty have fewer homicides than states those use death penalty. Massachusetts that has been abolished the death penalty, as an example, has the fewest crime rates in the United States of America (McManus, M., 1998). Similarly, Bonner and Fessenden (2000) illustrate that during the last twenty years, the rate of murder in states with capital punishment has been forty eight percent to more than one hundred percent higher than states with no capital punishment."

Tags:crime, death, deter, murder, penalty, punishment, reduce

Abstract
This paper discusses the negative effects of corporal punishment and relates that many countries have banned corporate punishment of children. The paper argues that the negative effects of using corporal punishment outweigh any benefit of using corporal punishment. The paper also discusses how statistics show that the negative effects of spanking can lead to aggression, criminal and antisocial behavior, mental health problems, and child abuse. The paper argues that corporal punishment of children should be banned in the United States.

From the Paper
""An estimated 906,000 children are victims of abuse and neglect every year" ("National Child Abuse Statistics"). "An estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older - about one in four adults - suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a year" ("Numbers Count"). This paper will show the relationship between these two statistics and the negative effects of using corporal punishment on children and the importance of alerting parents to find different ways to discipline their children. As a citizen of the United States, it is important to learn how to help parents to find ways to punish their children and as a citizen, it is important to..."

Tags:punishment, children, negative

Abstract
The paper reveals that corporal punishment is legal in the public school systems of many states and remains widely used in most American families. The paper then discusses how little data exists on issues of race and corporal punishment, on how punishment is administered in different schools and in terms of the racial composition of the inflictor of the punishment. The paper highlights the need for more data to determine whether certain regional or ethnic cultures are more supportive of spanking, and whether bias exists in administrating corporal punishment in school.

From the Paper
"Corporal punishment still remains widely used in most American families. Regarding the data on its effectiveness, in a recent large-scale meta-analysis and literature of eight-eight existing studies by psychologist Elizabeth Thompson Gershoff, the use of corporal punishment was linked to increased child aggression and antisocial behavior. Only positive association with corporal punishment was the increased, immediate compliance on the part of the child while the other strongest association was between corporal punishment and the physical abuse of the child by the parent (Is corporal punishment an effective means of discipline, APA, 2002). However, some argue this association is due to correlation rather than causality. For example, corporal punishment may be more apt to be used by less educated and advantaged parents, but is not the cause of abuse, and the child's privations may be the cause of the antisocial behavior. Or antisocial children may be more apt to be spanked in the first place."

Tags:punishment, discipline, spanking, race, culture

Abstract
The paper states that only the human species is known to inflict pain purely for retribution. The fact that justice and punishment for rule violations are evident in animals, and that different human cultures have defined justice, crime, and punishment in myriad, and often in mutually contradictory terms, suggests the need to establish objective principles for concepts of justice that are indeed just. The paper concludes that "justice" incorporates objective rules without basis, which reflect the strength to impose the will of the of those more powerful in society, over the less powerful. The paper also states that crime and punishment are exclusive to human societies, notwithstanding our current relative inability to administer those concepts uniformly and justly, in most human society.

Outline:
A Survey of Cultural Variation of Crime and Punishment Throughout History
Toward the Objective Standard of Justifiable Criminal Definitions and Punishment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In particular, purposeful actions on the part of society or dominant group of leaders to address unwanted behaviors or actions of the individual is apparent among many animal species, such as in relation to violations of established social and pair-bonding relationships and hierarchy of access to food and other natural resources (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). In certain primates, for example, group members risk both physical retaliation and elements of social exclusion if they are discovered by other group members to have hidden or failed to share resources by not disclosing its existence or location."

Tags:criminal, justice, crime, punishment, behaviors

Abstract
The paper begins by presenting some background and statistics about capital punishment in the USA. The viewpoints of both the proponents and the opponents of capital punishment are listed and problems with the use of capital punishment (such as pardoning leading to further crime, and innocent people being executed) are discussed. The paper explores public support of the death penalty and then turns to discuss the recent Washington DC sniper case and the possibility of capital punishment for the offenders. The controversiality of choice of location for the trial is looked at and the new anti-terrorism law is brought up. The paper concludes with some summation comments on capital punishment.

From the Paper
"Between 1977 and 2000, 683 inmates have been put to death under the death penalty laws of their state. 519 were by lethal injection, 149 were by electrocution, 11 were by lethal gas, 2 were by firing squad, and 3 were by hanging (Editors 347).

Capital punishment has always been a controversial and emotional issue. In the United States, controversy over capital punishment began as early as Colonial times after American gained her independence from Great Britain. Some people began to wonder if anyone really had the right to take a human life, even the government (Vila and Morris xxv), and the debate has raged on ever since."

Tags:death, penalty, capital, punishment, Sniper

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that there has long been a close connection between religious belief and a belief in capital punishment, just as there is some relationship between religious beliefs and opposition to capital punishment. This paper considers the role of religion in shaping attitudes toward capital punishment and policies adopted for capital punishment, noting first that different religious denominations take a different attitude toward the subject.

From the Paper
"Different religious denominations take a different attitude toward the subject so that followers take their cues from that denomination, such as the current divide seen in America between many evangelical Protestant churches that support capital punishment and the Catholic Church that does not. At a deeper level, support often hinges on the degree of reliance on the Bible as an unerring source, with those supporting capital punishment finding a direct admonition for capital punishment in scripture."

Tags:religion, capital, punishment

Abstract
The paper discusses how it is commonly accepted by many within the media, within academia, and within that large body of professionals who devote themselves to the study and care of children, that corporal punishment, be it undertaken in the home or at school, is destructive. The paper asserts that while there is definitely ample proof for this view, the literature is not as unanimous as some people might believe; in fact, there are a number of studies that suggest responsible physical discipline, combined with a number of other disciplinary strategies, can actually help mold children in positive ways; at the very least, there is some recognition in the research that spanking is not necessarily a statistically significant predictor of anti-social behavior or personality problems later in life. With that in mind, this paper argues that corporal punishment is positive and effective if it is done within the context of the home - and done sparingly; when corporal punishment is carried out in the school, however, there is mounting evidence that this leads to abuse and to serious long-term damage to the child involved. Understandably, because of the controversial and complex nature of this topic, both sides of the debate - those who support corporal punishment and those who are roundly opposed to it - are looked at. Once more, scanning the literature, the paper shows how it is evident that responsible physical discipline by responsible parents can work.

From the Paper
"It is commonly accepted by many within the media, within academia, and within that large body of professionals who devote themselves to the study and care of children, that corporal punishment, be it undertaken in the home or at school, is destructive. While there is definitely ample proof for this view, the literature is not as unanimous as some people might believe. In fact, there are a number of studies that suggest responsible physical discipline, combined with a number of other disciplinary strategies, can actually help mold children in positive ways; at the very..."

Tags:corporal, punishment, children

Abstract
This paper examines the history of the use of corporal punishment in American education. It look at the traditional use of corporal punishment in American schools and homes since Colonial times. The paper discusses the reasoning, sociopolitical and spiritual factors motivating the use of corporal punishment in schools and describes forms of corporal punishment.

Tags:corporal punishment, education

Abstract
Schools claim that children are protected from abuse. Studies of stress symptoms resulting from corporal punishment in schools evidence short and long term psychological damage. Academically, corporal punishment has the distinct effect of reducing the self-esteem of a child. Socially, the child victim of corporal punishment experiences a multiplicity of effects. Spanking and other forms of corporal punishment of children may paradoxically cause an increase in antisocial behavior. The behavior problems associated with corporal are not confined to aggression and other anti-social behaviors by children.

Tags:corporal, punishment, schools

Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between race and capital punishment. Specifically the researcher explores the racial differences in attitudes toward capital punishment, focusing on juvenile opinions. The paper examines factors affecting views on capital punishment, arguments for and against, attitudes towards the death penalty and provides a review of the literature used in the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature
What Predicts Death Penalty Support?
Arguments For and Against Death Penalty
Public Opinion and Attitudes
Death Penalty Attitudes of the Offender
Death Penalty Attitudes of Juveniles
Summary of the Literature
Discussion
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Attitudes among juveniles regarding capital punishment are just as heated and challenging as they are among adults. While few studies directly explore the relationship between the death penalty and juveniles, there are reports provided by some empirical researchers suggesting by and large, the juvenile population is just as divided as the American people are on the issue. As noted in the introduction, the Death Penalty Information Center (2006) suggests at least 50% of all adults support the death penalty. However, the same group when offered other alternatives including the alternative of life without parole are likely to change their minds and their opinions of the death penalty. In ancient times, most people unequivocally supported the death penalty, as there were few resources available to conduct elaborate or even minimal burials to individuals that had committed crimes (Bedau & Cassell, 2004)."

Tags:crime, punishment, death, penalty, capital, punishment, youth, race, society, social, economic