Abstract
This paper discusses the form of evolution known as punctuated equilibrium. The paper contends that punctuated equilibrium appears to be increasingly proving itself as the most appropriate model for explaining evolution. The paper defines punctuated equilibrium as a theory that still holds to the idea of generational change, but suggests that it happens relatively quickly (geologically speaking). The paper explains that even if one is a creationist and does not believe in macro-level evolution, one must admit that micro-evolution has been proved to exist in a way that can only be explained as punctuated equilibrium.

From the Paper
"Evolutionists for generations after Darwin imagined a slow and steady process of adaptation, in which daily culling and breeding success very gradually adapted a population from one form into another. Such a process would not be dissimilar to unnatural selection, such as that done with domesticated animals, that gradually worked to change a wolf into a little Cairn Terrier or Shih Tzu. However, some have suggested that there might be a more sudden sort of change involved, in which evolution moves suddenly and with great speed. This theorized form of evolution, called punctuated equilibrium, has been widely debated, but seems to be increasingly accepted by scientists. There appears to be evidence for punctuated equilibrium from laboratory experiments, from field and fossil evidence, from theory and even from Darwin's original work."

Tags:darwin, fossil, change

Abstract
This paper defines, analyzes, and contrasts the theories of phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. The paper explains that the proponents of phyletic gradualism believe that evolution takes place at a fairly even, though not necessarily smooth, pace, and those who belong to the school of punctuated equilibrium opine that evolution occurs in fits and starts, with long periods of stasis between evolutionary leaps. Both of these theories use the fossil record as evidence that suggests they are correct, the paper states, and it is possible that the truth behind evolution contains elements of both theories. The paper concludes that the more likely answer, given the evidence available, is that macroevolution is subject to unpredictable complexities of destructive and disruptive forces, much like the fossil record itself, and leaps and pauses along in a punctuated equilibrium.

From the Paper
"The fossil record is the main source of evidence and consternation for both theories. Evidence, because it is the only way scientists can look into the distant biological past and so come up with ling-term explanations for macroevolution, and consternation because its incompleteness leaves it open to a diversity of equally plausible explanations. Gould and other punctuated equilibrium proponents see the lack of intermediary species as a flaw in the theory of phyletic gradualism; they see this as convincing evidence that species make bigger evolutionary leaps in shorter time frames than gradualism allows for. Gradualists actually take this lack of fossil evidence as possible proof that their theory is correct--the incompleteness of the fossil record makes it far less likely to contain record of transitional species."

Tags:evolution, development, mutation

Tags:author, example, powerful, tool, writing

Abstract
This paper discusses the two major theories for evolution of organisms and speciation: phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. It then discusses the fossil evidence that support both phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. The paper concludes that it would seem that the theory of punctuated equilibrium would seem more appropriate to explain what we observe as the results of macroevolution.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Debate between Phyletic Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium
Fossil Evidence that support both Phyletic Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium
Opinion

From the Paper
"A second example involves Melanopsis fossilis and Melanopsis vindobensis, melanopsis belongs to a species of freshwater mollusk. Several intermediates were found between the two. The presence of the intermediates gave rise to the question whether this was an example of gradualism. (Geary 1992) However, since gradualism theorizes that speciation takes place at the level of a population and not the individual, this notion was defeated because the parent, daughter and intermediates were all found in the same river beds, in the sediment. Researchers theorized that the intermediates were really hybrids between the parent and daughter species."

Tags:gradualism, allopatric theory, epigenetics mutation

Abstract
This paper discusses the vowelization of God's name in the Bible. It begins by discussing punctuation in the Bible, particularly in the Hebrew scriptures. It then compares this use of grammar to other ancient languages. It discusses the evolution of the grammatical system, leading up to the system called 'Masoretic Hebrew' punctuation at the end of the twelfth century. The paper discusses in detail the different grammatical forms of God's name, particularly the Masoretes' vowelization of His name.

From the Paper
"When Jesus Christ was on the Earth, spending his Earthly life, he would always appeal to the very words of the Old Testament, and this was taken to be indicative of the fact that Jesus Christ himself approved of this version of the text, and that it had been exactly and accurately transmitted. This Old Testament was the version that was favored and used by the ancient Jews, and it was also considered to be an extremely trustworthy version of what had been originally written by Moses. The Old Testament books as they appear in the Hebrew Bible are actually divided into three distinct groups, and they are: the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings. It was the priests that were given the innate responsibility of preserving the texts, and this was because of the fact that these individuals were considered to be the divinely appointed guardians and the teachers of the Law. (Forever Settled: A Survey of the Documents and the History of the Bible)"

Tags:Testament, punctuation, Bible

Abstract
This paper explains that written communications, via memos, emails, presentation speeches, and even evaluations, are a mainstay in any corporate environment and are used in day-to-day affairs. The author points out that the the basic elements of writing are style, punctuation, and avoidance of the use of clich's or jargon. The paper relates that the more clear-cut and well-defined the writing, the less room there is for misinterpretation leading to later problems.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Effective Written Communication
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Having good writing skills and abilities will also facilitate improved oral communications among employees. Those employees that are able to put their thoughts down on paper accurately and precisely are more likely to engage in oral communication that is directed and focused. Because of this one of the skills that might be considered for inclusion in the workshop might be translating written word into oral communications."

Tags:misinterpretation, oral, jargon, punctuation, style

Abstract
This paper examines how poems are one of the most powerful ways to convey an idea, message or opinion and how the poem "Dulce et Decorum Est", a war poem by Wilfred Owen, makes effective use of these devices. It looks at how Owen's use of precise diction emphasizes his point, showing that war is a horrible and devastating event and how his use of extremely graphic images adds more to his argument. It also analyzes Owen's use of punctuation to create texture in the poem in order to express strong meaning and a persuasive argument of the dark side of war.

From the Paper
"The author's use of excellent diction helps to clearly define what the author is saying. (Fulwiler and Hayakawa 163) Powerful verbs like "guttering", "choking", and "drowning" not only show how the man is suffering, but that he is in a great deal of pain that no human being should endure. Other words like "writhing" and "froth-corrupted" hint to exactly how the man is being tormented by his enemy, as well as himself. The phrase "blood shod" forces the image of men who have been on their feet for days, never stopping to rest long enough to recuperate. "

Tags:images, punctuation, graphic, images

Abstract
This paper uses the first two strophes from Act III's aria, "Possente spirito", to demonstrate the brilliant fusion of musical organization with emotional expression in Claudio Monteverdi's 1607 opera "Orfeo". The author points out that the fierce turbulence in Monteverdi's personal life is reflected in the plot of the opera. The paper relates that the opening two strophes, of which the text is quoted in the paper, are accompanied by basso continuo with parts of the first strophe punctuated by two violins and similar punctuation in the second strophe performed by two cornets. The author states that other strophes end in a brief ritornello. The paper explains that, for the vocal style, Monteverdi employs stile rappresentativo, or "the representational style", to convey the passions behind Orpheo's impending request to be allowed into Hades.

From the Paper
"The spirit of these dotted eighth--sixteenth notes also effectively predicate the final line in the second strophe as Orfeo forwards the argument that since having lost his wife, he has no heart and cannot be alive, and therefore his entrance into Hades would be legitimate. Posing this argument to the ferrymen, Monteverdi paints a picture of Orfeo as coy as he is courageous. The composer makes the conclusion of Orfeo's question also a facetious question, after the preceding phrases in the cornets. It is difficult to hear Orfeo's final line of the second strophe without imagining the demi-god trying to conceal a little grin."

Tags:strophes turbulence, representational style, notes, rhythmic subdivisions

Abstract
This paper explains that communicating through words can be more concrete than through verbal communications, with less room for error and even less room for mistakes, which presents written communicators with new challenges, including spelling, grammar, the tone of their writing, punctuation, writing style, and even actual wording. The author points out that time is in short supply for most business professionals; therefore, organization is crucial. Outlines are an invaluable aid to writing a lengthy report or memo. This paper stresses that, when writing documents that are of significant length, it is important to use headings, subheadings, and bullets to keep the information organized and allow the reader to follow along. It enables the writer to keep thoughts and important information organized.

From the Paper
"Why put things in writing? One obvious reason is that it is more convenient and less costly than face-to-face communications, particularly where distance is involved. But often there is simply no substitute for written communication-for example, describing a firm's unique product or service to a customer, reporting the results of an organization's study of employee turnover, or announcing an important change in company policy. Written communications provide valuable records for an organization without which it simply could not function."

Tags:concrete, challenges, organization, outlines, headings

Abstract
A close reading of a passage is different than analyzing a portion of text, yet it is similar in many ways. "The candles dropped hot, acrid gouts of wax on my bare shoulders. I watched with my furious cynicism peculiar to women whom circumstances force mutely to witness folly, while my father, fired in his desperation by more and yet more draughts of the fire water they call "grappa", rids himself of the last scraps of my inheritance. When we left Russia, we owned black earth, blue forest with bear and wild boar, serfs, cornfields, farmyards, my beloved horses, white nights of cool summer, the fireworks of the northern lights. What a burden all those possessions must have been to him, because he laughs as if with glee as he beggars himself; he is in such a passion to donate all to The Beast." This paper does a close reading of the above text. It discusses punctuation, diction, features of sound, sentence types, and the sense the speaker gives to the passage.