Abstract
The paper looks at methods of organizing material effectively and explains the use of an attention-getting opener, a well-organized and easy to follow speech body and a well thought-out conclusion. The paper also discusses the importance of clear articulation, good projection, variety and animation in presenting a speech.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Public Speaking Methods and Skills
Speaking at a Public Meeting-Tips
Public Speaking in the Media
The Attention-Getter
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Basic presentation skills are stated in the work of McNamara (2007) and stated as the first step is to "list and prioritize the top three goals that you want to accomplish with your audience." Secondly, it is important to "be really clear about who your audience is and why it is important for them to be in the meeting." (McNamara, 2007) Third, it is important to list all the major points of information that should be conveyed to the audience and then to ask oneself if all the points are likely to be understood by everyone in the audience. It is necessary to consider the tone that one desires to set for the presentation. Through defining the tone of the presentation one may enable the cultivation of that mood to those listening in the audience."

Tags:attention, articulation, animation, audience, introduction, body, conclusion

Abstract
The paper discusses how most people will have a reaction to public speaking, with anxiety symptoms that can range from a dry mouth and sweaty hands to not being able to breathe or actually blacking out. The paper looks at the different methods that businesspeople can follow, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, relaxation techniques and spiritual support, that will effectively break the cycle and reduce the degree of anxiety.

From the Paper
"Ask a very self-confident, high-achieving executive to present a speech and this person may actually start to sweat and get nauseas. Anxiety, and even panic attacks, is quite common with fear of public speaking or "glossophobia." Studies show that neurological changes, such as cortisol levels occur in these individuals prior to the speech (Roberts, Sawyer, & Behnke, 2004). Research finds that there are ways to influence the pre-conscious and conscious levels of these individuals so that anxiety can be reduced. Businesspeople have several proven options on how they can tackle their public speaking anxieties.
"The concept of anxiety and its causes has been studied for decades. Sullivan (1949), one of the first to study and define the term, saw anxiety as experiencing the threat of losing the sense of self security. The "self system" was an organization of security operations designed to deal with anxiety and re-establish a sense of security. Sullivan helped his patients to notice "marginal thoughts," which occurred alongside of what one was centrally thinking-in one's peripheral field so to speak, and thus the rudiments of cognitive behavior therapy are seen here. These marginal thoughts have the potential of being more of interest than what was actually being reported. According to Schultz (2006), Sullivan's anxiety perspective has a relevance to psychotherapeutic approach. Instead of trying to eliminate anxiety with medications, or other means such as alcohol, it is more important for the therapist and patient to face the conflicts that are at the root of this anxiety."

Tags:cognitive, behavioral, therapy, exposure, therapy, relaxation, stress, worry

Abstract
This three page graduate paper is in the form of a critique of a speech about mergers and discusses the technique of public speaking. The author notes that in critiquing this speech about mergers and their unappreciated benefits it is appropriate to use the call to action technique. The writer maintains that this personal approach will serve to draw the audience into the topic immediately and frame the content to follow from the proper perspective.

From the Paper
"In critiquing this speech about mergers and their unappreciated benefits, it is appropriate to use the call to action technique and to open the speech with the question, "How many of you have ever been involved in a merger or acquisition?" for this personal approach will serve to draw the audience into the topic immediately and frame the content to follow from the proper perspective. But before proceeding with the Christian Science Monitor material, the speaker should establish her credentials and experience by providing some personal information."

Tags:speech, critique, issues

Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of presentation anxiety for business professionals. It offers tips on how to overcome this problem. The paper describes the fear of public speaking as a common anxiety, but one that may be necessary to advance a career, and therefore must be understood and overcome.

From the Paper
"Fear of public speaking is one of the most common sources of anxiety. Seasoned actors and actresses often suffer from stage fright as do casual speakers. The idea of getting up in front of a crowd-or even a small group-can produce sweaty palms, uncomfortable feelings in the intestine and increased heart rate. Some business professionals are required to give speeches or presentations on a regular basis, others do so infrequently. Stage fright or presentation anxiety can affect both..."

Tags:presentation anxiety, stage fright, business presentations

Abstract
The paper explains that while everyone talks, very few manage it in front of others with a confident manner, definitive goal and end success. The paper quotes experts on public speaking; Lucas, Gard, Krannich, Fellows and Dunckel and highlights their formula that being prepared for the practical problems that confront every speaker is the secret to a good speech. The paper explains that while they summarize their findings differently and approach different types of speech work in their research, they agree on the three key tasks of setting goals; constant and good preparation, quelling the fears that stand in the way of every presenter and a thorough presentation.

From the Paper
"The words of seminal speakers have not only woven the prose of a poet's pontification, they have inspired the events and actions that have determined the course of the world. "Throughout history, people have used public speaking as a vital means of communication," Stephen Lucas writes. Making ones words public are easily done well; while everyone talks, very few manage it in front of others with a confident manner, definitive goal, and end success. The habits of highly effective speakers are educational; while sometimes innate, they are learned skill sets, honed, and practiced daily to conquer fear, gather thoughts, and control attention. Personal experience lends to my understanding of public speaking as not just a message to spread nor system or rhetoric, but rather an amalgamation of the academic, theoretical, and practical standards of speech."

Tags:presentation, orator, lecturer

Abstract
The paper begins with a definition of public speaking anxiety and a discussion on the various forms it takes. This is followed by an examination of some of the common treatments for this condition. Finally, the impact and importance of preparation and practice in avoiding this anxiety is explained.

From the Paper
"Public speaking anxiety is defined as a certain type of communication apprehension or CA, where CA is defined as, "fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another person or person" (O'Hair, Freidrich, Wiemann & Wiemann 344). Communication apprehension can be either a personality trait, where the individual feels apprehensive about any type of communication. Or more commonly, it is situational, where the level of anxiety depends on factors such as the nature of the communication and the size of the audience. This explains why an individual may be a confident speaker in an informal situation, but may still develop high levels of anxiety in a situation with a large audience or one that is seen as a threat. It is also important to note that it is not only the size of the audience that matters, the other factors in the situation also have an impact. For example, an individual may be comfortable giving a speech to several hundred school mates, but then experience anxiety if asked to speak in front of a formal board of directors, or to a group of children. This illustrates that it is the stress associated with the communication situation that determines the levels of anxiety experienced."

Tags:definition, treatment, preparation, practice, communication, apprehension, symptom, systematic, desensitization, cognitive, restructuring

Abstract
This paper is a discussion of the ideas underlying liberal and authoritarian views of public speaking as considered in light of the September 2007 visit to the United Nations of Iran's President Ahmadinejad. The paper explains that this Iranian leader is notorious for his view that the Holocaust did not occur. The paper then shows how when the Iranian leader spoke at Columbia University, the school president muddied the issue by introducing him with remarks that were themselves a source of great controversy.

From the Paper
"In September 2007, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was to address the United Nations General Assembly. As part of his visit to New York City, he asked permission to lay a wreath at the site of the World Trade Center Towers, where some 3,000 Americans had died in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. He also accepted an invitation to speak at New York City's Columbia University. This controversial visit illustrated a conflict between authoritarian and liberal views regarding speech in America. Many Americans find Mr. Ahmadinejad offensive. He insists that Iran has a right to develop nuclear..."

Tags:ahnadinejab, free speech, liberalism

Abstract
This paper will discuss a speech by Alan Greenspan of the Federal Reserve and seek to analyze his method of communication throughout the speech on American economics. By observing the techniques that he utilizes, we can see how he uses different methods in communication and these will be examined in regards to what he says in his performance. By the study of the structure of the speech: its introduction, body and conclusion, a better understanding of his speech format can be reached.

From the Paper
"This paper examines physical, emotional, and mental contact with the audience as a component of public speaking. A speech before a group is an exchange, although usually only the speaker is talking. Yet without effective interaction, communication does not take place. The speaker must be constantly aware of the different kinds of contact that are occurring with the audience, drawing cues from the audible, visual, and visceral reactions being stimulated among the listeners. Interaction is dependent on such basic elements as whether or not the speaker can be heard clearly or speaks with a discernible accent and on such complex issues as whether or not the message has been well designed to meet the needs, interests, and preconceptions of those in attendance. An effective relationship between speaker and audience can result in the powerful exchange of information..."

Abstract
At a rally on September 9, in Dayton, Ohio Senator Barack Obama gave a speech on "A 21st Century Education". The author of the paper uses that speech as a platform to examine and analyze Senator Obama's abilities as a public speaker. The writer describes Obama's use of words and imagery and examines their effects on the audience. He goes on to show how Obama uses his linguistic ability to establish his credibility and promote the image of a caring, forward thinking, everyday American in an attempt to win support not only from Democratic party supporters but also Republicans.

From the Paper
"Besides revealing character qualities, Obama uses ethos to establish his credibility as a leader who makes wise decisions. He includes a bit of his track record when he brings up the successful law he passed in Illinois to double the number of charter schools in Chicago, and his plan to do the same thing nationwide. He mentions several statistics about the literacy rates in America and the rate of jobs offered to different levels of education to raise awareness of our current state, and more so to show that he is educated and passionate about this issue. He further shows his ability to solve this problem by mentioning a couple of programs he had developed last year, such as the Service Scholarship fund to solve the problem of finding good teachers."

Tags:democratic president senator republican, american dream, elections public