Abstract Sources of light have different characteristics and properties. In this paper, we will study the metal filament lamp and the arc lamp in order to determine some of these differences.
Abstract Several countries, while ratifying the agreement with regard to establishment of the World Trade Organization, also ratified the inherent Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. The paper shows that intellectual property rights can conveniently be divided into two main fields - copyrights (or rights related to copyright) and industrial policy. The paper explains that the safeguard of intellectual property is considered as a crucial factor for economic growth and advancement in the high technology sector; they are beneficial to business and assist the public as a whole. The paper shows, however, that several problems arise from the enforcement of intellectual property rights particularly with regards to ownership of information. These include copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, design rights and plant breeders' rights for which an alternative has to be found.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Intellectual Property Rights
What are Intellectual Property Rights?
What National and Global Directives Govern their Enforcement?
What are the Implications for Business?
What Can/Should be Done?
References
From the Paper "The intellectual property rights have been guaranteed by law and can conveniently be transferred, sold, authorized for rent and in some nations even mortgaged, in much the same way as physical property particularly real property. However, the rights have some confinements incorporating the limitations and other considerations of issues like their contradiction with the fundamental rights and the codified provisions in force. The legal issues involving intellectual property rights have two dimensions."
Tags: TRIPS, WTO, copyright, real, property, European, Community
Abstract This essay is an in-depth analysis of intellectual property law in an historical context. The specific history can be divided into two periods of cultural development, orality and literacy. The concept of intellectual property (individual ownership of creative work) was not present in oral cultures, but it is enshrined in law in literate cultures. This essay draws on the works of communications scholars like Walter Ong and Dan Lacy in order to establish these facts, and then proceeds to analyze them using one of Marshall McCluhan's most famous insights, that ?the medium is the message.? What this essay shows is that the medium of information preservation in oral cultures is fundamentally different than that of literate cultures. One medium supports the concept of intellectual property, and one does not. In other words, the medium determines the morals of the time. What is considered theft in literate culture is just sharing in oral culture. This examination of intellectual property in historical context is especially relevant today, with the current legal disputes over intellectual property in the music industry.
From the Paper "At this moment in 2001, intellectual property is a hot topic. The right to own an idea is being debated in fields as disparate as medicine and the music industry. In historical context, however, intellectual property is a relatively new concept. The first modern copyright law only emerged in 1710 and the People's Republic of China did not have a copyright system until 1991. In contrast, the first known cave painting dates to 31,000 BC. Humans have been creating for thousands of years, but those expressions were only defined as personal property quite recently. The exact moment of this definition is still debated by experts: some say it came with the first copyright law, some say it began with the printing press in 1436, and others say that it emerged with "the artist with a markedly individual personality" in 6th century BC Greece (Ploman and Hamilton 5). Regardless of the specific point of division, copyright as we know it today was not present in ancient oral cultures (Bettig 11) and is not present in modern oral cultures like that of the Balinese (Ploman and Hamilton 4). Why the concept of intellectual property is evident in highly literate cultures and not in oral cultures can perhaps be best understood in terms of the social and political context of their respective historical periods. One explanation that emerges is that the chosen mediums of oral and literate cultures are qualitatively different and that each engenders a different set of social norms to guide intellectual production. What this paper seeks to do is to pursue this line of questioning by discerning what the medium was for each culture, analyzing the nature of each medium, and, finally, explaining how the medium determined whether or not the concept of intellectual property emerged."
Abstract This essay contains two case briefs, one for a real property case and one for an intellectual property case. Furthermore it answers six questions which the customer wanted included. The questions deal with real and intellectual property law.
From the Paper "Facts: The city of New London, Connecticut was in need of economic revitalization so when the Pfizer corporation began to construct a new facility on the outskirts of a residential neighborhood, the city reactivated "the New London Development Corporation, a private entity under the control of the city government, to consider plans to redevelop the Fort Trumbull neighborhood and encourage new economic activities that might be brought by the Pfizer plant" (Kelo, 2006, p. 3). The corporation came up with a development plan which the city approved. The corporation offered to purchase the lots of Fort Trumbull which it would need, however some owners of the properties did not wish to sell."
Abstract John Locke, in his exploration of the basis of human social and political order through the retrogression of society to first principles, attempts to explain why the disproportionate possession of property evident in human society throughout history is a just outcome of human social and political evolution. As this essay argues, however, Locke's argument is flawed in a number of key respects, most notably in regard to the question of inherited property which Locke significantly omits to consider altogether.
Abstract This paper covers the role of software piracy as an infringement of rights on the intellectual property and underlines the economics and laws involved.
Abstract This paper examines business law regarding abandoned property by the federal government.
From the Paper "According to Todd Stimmel, writing in "Business Credit," abandoned property is property of which the owner has intentionally given up possession under circumstances evincing intent to give up ownership. Abandonment means the owner intentionally placed the property out of his possession with the intent to relinquish ownership of it. A finder who takes possession with the intent to claim ownership acquires ownership rights to the property. The owner who abandoned the property has no further rights to it."
Tags: abandoned property, disguard, business law, business, navy, lost, law
Abstract The paper examines how residents of Dallas County are currently experiencing grave concerns over an issue that will affect the lifestyle and home ownership capabilities of thousands within the area. The paper discusses the proposition of a 7.99% increase in property taxes. The paper further discusses how this consideration is scheduled to take place in September of 2005 and residents are being asked to attend public meetings to support this tax increase.
Examines the risk and hazard factors of bright blue light in the workplace and compares the use of green light in the work place and examines the safety issues relating to green light use.
Abstract This research paper examines the hazards and risks associated with the use of blue light in the work place. In addition, the paper examines the use of green light in the workplace and the safety issues relating to the use of green light. Also examined is the fact that blue light marketers inform the public that lamps with 'enhanced' UV will ensure better health.
From the Paper "Photometric quantities such as luminance (brightness in cd/cm2 as perceived by a human "standard observer") and illuminance in lux (the "light" falling on a surface) indicate light levels spectrally weighted by the standard photometric visibility curve which peaks at 550 nm for the human eye. To quantify a photochemical effect it is not sufficient to specify the number of photons-per-square-centimeter (photon flux) or the irradiance (W/cm2) since the efficiency of the effect will be highly dependent on wavelength."
Abstract The paper discusses how the private security industry as a whole tends to benefit in times of social unrest and tension, such as during periods of concern about crime, or when other fears spur the public to seek ways to reduce the likelihood of becoming a victim.This paper further discusses security lighting, emphasizing that one of the best approaches to security is to illuminate the vicinity in order to increase one's sense of security, drive away intruders, reduce the likelihood of accidents, and at the same time create a more pleasing look for a building, a yard, or a parking lot. Lighting is required for many types of security system. For some, the lights themselves are a deterrent and constitute the primary security element. In other cases, lighting serves a secondary purpose as well.
Abstract This paper examines two distinct inventions: light bulbs and solar energy. First it discusses the incandescent light bulb and its inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, and explore the differences between incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs. Then the long history and increasing importance of solar power and its modern applications are discussed.
From the Paper "On December 31st, 1879, after years of work and many experiments, Thomas Alva Edison gave the first demonstration of the incandescent light bulb at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He was assisted in his invention by Francis Upton, a Princeton Graduate who supplied the mathematical and theoretical expertise that Edison lacked. This invention established Edison's reputation as the world's greatest inventor. Before his invention, electric arc lighting was used to produce light. In this lighting system, lights were connected in a series circuit, so if one failed, the rest of the bulbs on the circuit also failed. (First Public Demonstration?)
Edison was able to spend so much time and money on the invention of the light bulb because of his reputation as an inventor. He had the support of financiers such as J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilts. They established the Edison Light Company and loaned Edison $30,000 for research and development. (First Public Demonstration?)"
Abstract This paper explains the uses, price, size and techniques involved in the workings of a black light. Black lights are UV rays that fascinate the young due to their fluorescent qualities and mystic effect.
Abstract In this article, the writer offers the examination of "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place", as a look at the postwar nihilistic ideas of Hemingway and others after World War I. The writer states that many view the images of light and darkness in Hemingway's work as an escape from reality in the real world. The writer discusses the view that this story also portray Hemingway's view of society following the war.
From the Paper "It has been argued that in 'A Clean Well-Lighted Place' Hemingway uses images of light and darkness to convey the need for refuge and escape from the darkness of reality in the outside world. While this is certainly true, it is possible to look deeper into this idea and see the story as Hemingway's nihilistic view of society after the horror that was World War I. Ernest Hemingway was a modernist and a philosopher. Just as important to this argument ... "
Tags: hemingway, nihilism, world war I, a clean well-lighted place
Abstract This paper examines how "Northern Lights" by Philip Pullman revolves around Lyra and her daemon Pantalaimon who are journeying North to rescue their friend Roger from an evil organization run by Lyra's estranged mother. It looks at how set in an alternate dimension, daemons are a huge factor in the story and evaluates how people and their daemons are connected and cannot survive apart. It shows how daemons can be considered our thoughts, feelings, personalities and consciences personified so that they can walk, talk and feel like us.
From the Paper "Pantalaimon represents Lyra's soul in a visual form. He also acts as a conscience working in a visual manner. The 'shrill cries' represents the hidden pent up anger and secret fear that Lyra is experiencing. These emotions would normally be hidden from the reader if it was not for the daemon. These 'hidden emotions' bring us closer to the characters. 'Lyra had to stop herself crying out , and Pantalaimon fluttered his wings so sharply that the other girls noticed.' This shows that the characters also relate to each other using the daemons. I think that the girls would not have known Lyra's intimate feelings if it were not for Pantalaimons unstoppable jolts of emotions. This also allows us to see deeper into the character's emotions. The daemons express the truth about human nature."
