Abstract
The paper identifies a handful of key features of light - those that we witness over the course of our everyday lives - in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of what it actually is.

From the Paper
"To most of us, the general properties of light are so commonplace and so readily observed that we tend to think nothing of them. Additionally, we fail to critically examine what light may be and how it operates under certain conditions. After all, most of us could not conceive of a word without the aid of our sense of sight; yet this sight is based upon a very limited number of features of electromagnetic radiation. Of course, delineating a handful of key features of light - those that we witness over the course of our everyday lives - can be very beneficial towards a more comprehensive understanding of what it actually is."

Tags:light, reflection, refraction

Abstract
Sources of light have different characteristics and properties. In this paper, we will study the metal filament lamp and the arc lamp in order to determine some of these differences.

Tags:sources, of, light

Abstract
The paper focuses on an experiment that measures the absorption rate of photosynthetic cells under two variation in the light properties: intensity and wavelength. The paper describes the methods used and explains the results that show the light conditions in which plants and other photosynthetic organisms would be most efficient in the production of photosynthesis. The paper also notes the limitations of this experiment and the options for future research.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"Photosynthesis is the intricate process in certain organisms in which carbon dioxide and water is turned to oxygen and carbohydrates using the energy from sunlight. This sunlight is captured by photosystems within the chloroplast of the organism and supplies energy to drive the reaction. This experiment will measure the absorption rate of these photosynthetic cells under two variation in the light properties: intensity and wavelength. Eight different intensities and four different wavelengths will be systemically induced on cuvettes containing an artificial electron acceptor and chloroplast removed from spinach leaves. The absorbance levels will be recorded every 2 minutes for 16 minutes using a spectrophotometer and allow for photosynthetic rates to be calculated."

Tags:chlorophyll, oxygen, carbon, dioxide, chloroplasts

Abstract
The paper describes the most common feature of light, reflection. The paper explains that reflection occurs when electromagnetic radiation in the visible portion of the spectrum experiences an elastic collision with any particular physical surface. The paper then looks at refraction, when the path of light is altered by the material through which it travels. The paper also discusses interference, which results from two separate wave forms coming together.

From the Paper
"To most of us, the general properties of light are so commonplace and so readily observed that we tend to think nothing of them. Additionally, we fail to critically examine what light may be and how it operates under certain conditions. After all, most of us could not conceive of a word without the aid of our sense of sight; yet this sight is based upon a very limited number of features of electromagnetic radiation. Of course, delineating a handful of key features of light - those that we witness over the course of our everyday lives - can be very beneficial towards a more comprehensive understanding of what it actually is."

Tags:reflection, refraction, interference, waves, material, medium

Abstract
The paper first defines and categorizes waves, looking at the different media that can carry waves, such as liquid with waves in the ocean, solid with sound carried through a wall, or gaseous with light traveling through the atmosphere. The writer then gives the mathematical formulae for defining and understanding the way in which waves are formed and travel through space.

From the Paper
"There are a number of ways to categorize waves. One method is to categorize them according to the direction of the movement of the individual particles of the medium relative to the direction in which the waves travel. Three categories result: longitudinal waves, transverse waves, and surface waves. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves. Sound waves are an example of longitudinal waves. In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves. Transverse waves require a relatively rigid medium in order to transmit energy due to the interaction of the particles that creates the perpendicular movement. As a result, only longitudinal waves flow through gas and the majority of liquids, even waves in the ocean."

Tags:liquid, travel, particle, gas, transverse

Abstract
This paper attempts to analyze, in light of Jeremy Rifkin's arguments about the age of access, the plausibility of John Locke's arguments as models for understanding ownership and exchange in the contemporary world.

From the Paper
"Over the past decades, capitalism has undergone a revolution. That revolution, spearheaded by unprecedented technological innovation, has engendered an academic effort towards the redefinition of capitalism, and the reformulation of its infrastructural base. As Joyce Rothschild and Raymond Russell (1986) contend, information technology has struck at the very base of capitalism, rendering previously sacrosanct rules governing market relations and interpersonal economic exchanges, not to mention relationships between property and individual, obsolete (308-310). There is probable justification for the stated declaration yet, the authors have taken the issue a couple of steps further than is warranted."

Tags:capitalism, ownership

Abstract
This paper examines the political philosophy of John Locke, focusing on his work known as "The Second Treatise" and his perspectives on property. First, the paper elaborates on the ubiquitous influence of Locke on democracy in the West. In particular, the paper notes how Locke's writings touch on almost every conceivable tangent of political thought and governmental responsibility and rights, remaining highly relevant and highly controversial even today. Next, the paper approaches Locke's view on property in light of the "Second Treatise" as a whole. The paper cites Locke's belief that money and the unequal distribution of property is an established and therefore correct feature of human society, and that equal distribution is neither an inherent human right nor a political necessity. It also notes Locke's statements about the unimportance of money and the monetary system. The paper concludes by stating that according to Locke, the right to property is one of the essential foundations of government and like everything else must derive from the consent of the majority.

From the Paper
"In the fifth chapter of the second treatise, Locke asserts that "men have agreed to a disproportionate and unequal possession of the earth...by receiving [land] in exchange for the overplus gold and silver." Locke is saying, fairly directly, that the system of monetary exchange and the physical pieces of money--essentially worthless items such as gold and silver--work by the long held implied agreement of their usage. In effect, Locke is saying that money and the unequal distribution of property (in this case useful and wealth-generating land) is an already established and therefore correct feature of human society, and that equal distribution is neither an inherent human right nor a political necessity. This in no way implies, however, that "greed is good," to quote Michael Douglas. In fact, a more careful reading of this passage reveals Locke's true beliefs concerning wealth and the distribution of property."

Tags:Second Treatise of Government, stewardship, monetary system, human rights

Abstract
This paper examines the issue of property taxes. It outlines theoretical views of the tax such as an excise tax, a user fee, etc. It also examines property taxes and recent changes in Ontario in light of these theoretical perspectives.

Abstract
This paper discusses white as a color and more specifically, white light. The paper describes the qualities of the color white and the multifaceted nature of existence and the way that it relates to significant chemical alterations in nature. The paper goes on to discuss the importance of white light to the scientific understanding of reflective light and the dimensions of other colors.

From the Paper
"Dimensions of the Color White Outline I Introduction. White as a color is not often considered to have many dimensions or properties that are significant to either science or society. While white may carry with it the concept of "purity", the color itself is multifaceted and related to significant chemical alterations in nature. White light has been especially important to scientific understanding of reflective light and the dimensions of other colors. Scientifically white must possess certain chemical compounds in order to exist, and in the field of psychology, white speaks to individuals through subconscious messages about the world they live in."

Tags:white, color, dimension

Abstract
This paper that examines the effect of antibiotics on the evolution of present day bacteria. These bacterial are considered in light of anti-biotic resistance. The paper also focuses on bacteria's rapid mutagenic properties. Additionally, the paper further explores how pharmaceutical companies are trying to outsmart bacteria's ability to mutate and survive. The mechanisms of action for antibiotics are provided as well as an explanation of why antibiotic resistance is so prevalent.

From the Paper
"Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. When it was first introduced to the public in 1944, 94% of the most commonly known bacteria were still susceptible to eradication and it saved countless lives. By 1950, the number was reduced to 50% and the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has continued to increase. Similarly, life threatening bacterial infections are on the rise as new forms of bacteria are discovered. Many of these bacteria had their origins in disease strains that were previously treated effectively with antibiotics. However, with the rise in use of antibiotics over the past several decades in industry and agriculture along with the increase in number and types of antibiotics produced and over prescribed by physicians, bacteria being highly adaptogenic have mutated into antibiotic-resistant strains. This paper will discuss the main mechanisms of antibiotic effectivity, discuss what is leading to antibiotic resistance among bacteria, state..."

Tags:antibiotic, bacteria, resistance