Abstract
Paper refers to thesis of McClellan and Horn (1999) to do with technology propelling science, in contrast with historians who tend to see science as driving technology. Example given of Christiaan Eijkman's medical breakthrough in what is now Indonesia, finding the cause and cure of Beriberi, the lessons of technology and ordinary curiosity underlying his discovery of thiamine deficiency. Science till Eijkman's day had not clue as to what caused a deadly, still mysterious disease; last discussion of technology helping scientific knowledge -- but what to do if science is not used?

From the Paper
Technology Enables Science - a Medical Example from Indonesia. Introduction McClellan & Dorn pointed out a very important error in how we tend to view World History. (1999) Historians have a habit of seeing Science as creating Technology when, in fact, Technology seems to be much more responsible for new Science. This paper describes an interesting example in the medical discovery of what causes beriberi, a once very important and fatal disease for thousands of people in most of Asia and Africa. Its cause remained unknown till the later 19^th century and early 20^th century. The breakthrough

Tags:beriberi, eijkman, technology

Abstract
The following paper looks at the Lemieux landslide that unfolded near Casselman, Ontario, in June of 1993. In particular, the writer looks at the geo-morphological history of the region wherein the slide took place and what characteristics of the local landscape made the landslide possible. Furthermore, the paper discusses how the local topography has changed since 1993 and the extent to which the academic literature has been able to offer new insights into the characteristics of the curious Leda Clay that makes landslides in the region of Casselman, Ontario relatively commonplace. Finally, the paper delves into what sort of financial incentives might be propelling research into the stability of the Lemieux Landslide territory and what the likely prospects are for successful development.

From the Paper
"Because Robinson's article pertaining to the Lemieux Landslide was penned less than three years ago, it remains worthwhile reading for those interested in how the site has changed in the intervening several years. To start with, Robinson informs his readers that there has been considerable erosion of the once-daunting sides of the crater, and re-vegetation has taken place on various spoil piles. Not to be overlooked, the South Nation River has carved an incision into the remaining debris. Despite these changes, one does not have to look for very long to see how many of the striking features of the original landslide - most notably its length and the considerable width of its destructive swath - remain conspicuous.
"At this juncture, some more time should be devoted to the Lemieux Landslide's history - or, to be more specific, the events that made the 1993 landslide possible. To begin with, Robinson's discussion of the curious Leda clay found in large quantities in the area deserves more elaboration."

Tags:clay, erosion, salient, valley

Abstract
The paper looks at the question of whether or not external labeling - be it formal labeling in the form of state sanctions against the individual or informal labeling in the form of peers, parents and teachers making assumptions about a young person's character - produces (or aggravates) deviant behavior. To answer this question, a review of the literature is clearly in order. More importantly, the bulk of this paper revolves around a study this author conducted a short while ago on delinquent youth which sought to illuminate the role of labeling (and especially different types or forms of labeling) in propelling these young people towards deviant behavior. When the results are tabulated, what should become evident is that labeling plays a key role in sparking negative self-conceptions and these self-conceptions, in turn, prompt deviant behavior.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at the question of whether or not external labeling - be it formal labeling in the form of state sanctions against the individual or informal labeling in the form of peers, parents and teachers making assumptions about a young person's character - produces (or aggravates) deviant behavior. To answer this question, a review of the literature is clearly in order. More importantly, the bulk of this paper will revolve around a study this author conducted a short while ago on delinquent youth which sought to illuminate the role of labeling (and especially different types or forms of labeling) in propelling these young..."

Tags:deviant, behavior, labeling

Abstract
This paper discusses the chronology of various peace treaties and disarmament agreements between the United States and Russia. It looks at issues surrounding what transpired after the Vietnam war in terms of anti-nuclear protests which later led to nuclear weaponry reduction by the super powers. The aftermath of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki left many dead, disfigured, and exposed to radiation, thus propelling the movement towards peace.

From the Paper
"Ever since the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 the world community has pressed for nuclear disarmament as many people have recognized that the use of nuclear weapons was/is not only immoral, but also genocidal (Allied, 2002). Arms control in the 21st century is a hot topic, particularly in light of the recent and ongoing terrorist threats. Over the past few years there has been great success in terms of arms control setting the precedence for the continued prevention against nuclear weaponry and has resulted in the indefinite extension of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The enormous stockpiles of nuclear weapons have built up over the past fifty years, thus posing as a serious threat to security in the post Cold-War world (Mishra, 2000). After the Cold War ended, disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the United States stepping..."

Tags:disarmament, control, peace

Abstract
This paper explains that its geography and demography gave the U.S. the initial capacity to invest U.S. capital thus becoming a mighty engine of world finance, gathering increments of power by bolstering old enterprises or by opening new enterprises. The author points out that W.W. II literally forced America to become an internationalist nation; the period after W.W. II marked a transition to a new phase of nationalist feeling incorporating a militarist emphasis in foreign policy and an increasing anxiety about security. The paper states that the use of atomic bombs in Japan to end W.W. II was a watershed event in history and ultimately proved to be the catalyst in propelling the U.S. into the elite club of world superpowers at the time: Today, America is the only superpower in the world.

Table of Content
The Early Years
This Land Is Our Land
National Interest
Economy As A Factor In Superpower Status
Strategy of Containment
Other Ingredients That Made America A Superpower
The Dynamism of American World Power
In Conclusion

From the Paper
"In any calculus of the world's resources - immediate, reserve and potential - America leads the procession of the nations, with even the Soviet Union following at a distance. America was estimated (in 1950) to have 30 percent of the world's harnessed water power and to produce 42 percent of the world's total electrical power from all sources - about 430 billion kilowatt hours (Western Europe produced 25 percent, the Soviet Union eight percent). It used 60 percent of the world's total petroleum production and 25 percent of its total coal production. Its per-capita use of electrical energy from all sources increased from 455 kilowatt-hours in 1924 to 3,000 kilowatt-hours in 1954, and its per-capita use of total mechanical energy was like that derived from burning eight tons of coal for every person."

Tags:investment, wwii, militarist, security, atomic-bombs

Abstract
The paper studies the famous silent film and the ways in which the director, Murnau, was able to inform the viewers without the use of sound. The writer analyzes two methods of propelling the plot through the silence and telling the story of the infamous vampire: the first one is reading, the use of inter-titles between shots, and the second method is editing. The paper gives examples of how these techniques carry the narrative of the film.

From the Paper
"One of the most important questions we can ask is how, why and when do we figure out that the Count is a vampire? The earliest clue is Renfield, the accountant for who Harker works. When we first see him he is reading a letter. Not a normal letter but one with strange symbols on it the audience cannot understand themselves. When Harker walks into the office Renfield pulls him aside and gives Harker the assignment of going to a client, as it turns out a Count to buy him a house in Bremen. Promising Harker money to go to the Count in Transylvania Renfield states: "it will take a bit of effort, a bit of sweat and perhaps "a bit of blood". By suggesting that Harker has to give "a bit of blood" if it is necessary plus the letter with the strange symbols the audience can expect that there is something not right with the Count."

Tags:film, vampire, editing, effects, plot, narrative

Abstract
This work explores the forms of resistance in the politics of the extreme right, particularly those in Australia, and how globalization is threatening those less fortunate. The paper looks at how the need for the less fortunate to protect themselves is propelling a new dimension of reality for the elite if the needs, concerns, and fears of the poor are not addressed.

From the Paper
"There are two cultures in Australia that have two opposite views of the world, very little in common and have no appreciation of each others view, life, or perception of each the other. Although it is true that within every society there is those referred to as "elite," without a good relationship of the working class then the privileges of the elite are threatened."

Tags:multiculturalism, multicultural, destruction, subversion, labor, liberal, hansonism

Abstract
This paper discusses how Al Qaeda conceptualises the western world and in turn how the West chooses to envisage what is arguably its most potent threat. The paper first looks at the religious assumptions of Islamic fundamentalism and, in particular, how these conceptions of the Islamic faith impact upon the outlook of Al Qaeda and the religious factors that facilitate its continued development and increasing appeal amongst Muslims around the world. The paper then assesses how Al Qaeda impacts upon the individual and general society in the Islamic world and discusses the links between Al Qaeda and the previous Taliban rulers of Afghanistan.

From the Paper
"We must take it as sacrosanct that the existence of Al Qaeda is destabilising and thwarts any wish to inaugurate a period of history based on peace and stability. However, the actions of the western world, in particular the United States does not in any way facilitate a move in this direction. There exists, within the bastions of American republicanism unfounded and misguided conceptions of how to deal with the question of Islam and international terrorist networks such as Al Qaeda. Such outlooks go a long way to compete with Islamic extremism in terms of their destabilising and dangerous connotations. Personally, I believe that if progress is to be made in understanding the current international situation, and if we are to safeguard a brighter future, free of extremism both Muslim and Western, it is the centre that has to prevail. We all have a role to play."

Tags:western terrorism, bin Laden, Taliban

Abstract
Napster is a program allowing users to directly transfer music files without the aid of a centralized file server. Full-length songs may be exchanged in mere minutes through the program, and neither the artists nor the record companies are compensated for their work. The daunting prospect of consumers freely downloading complete libraries of music propelled the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) to successfully sue Napster for trafficking in piracy. This paper analyzes the arguments made by both sides, investigates the virtues of the verdict, and discusses other court outcomes that would have been more beneficial to all parties involved. In addition, lawsuits of other file-sharing applications are discussed, including the likely outlook of Internet peer-to-peer sharing for the future.

From the Paper
"The advent of the Internet has enabled users to promptly and effortlessly share information between one another as never before. While the vast majority of individuals embrace this new technology as a blessing, the capacity to impart so much data has produced a crisis regarding copyright infringement. Napster is a program allowing users to directly transfer music files without the aid of a centralized file server. Individuals are able to gain access to an immense library of copyrighted music, thus rattling the record industry.1 Full-length songs may be exchanged in mere minutes through the program, and neither the artists nor the record companies are compensated for their work. The daunting prospect of consumers freely downloading complete libraries of music propelled the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) to successfully sue Napster for trafficking in piracy. The following will analyze the arguments made by both sides, investigate the virtues of the verdict, and discuss other court outcomes that would have been more beneficial to all parties involved. One such result would incorporate monthly fees and bonus features into the software, which would appease the RIAA's concerns and also allows Napster to continue its operations. In addition, the lawsuits recently launched against Morpheus, Kazaa, Grokster, and My.Mp3.com are predicted to result in the continuance of their operations, given that illegitimate files are removed from their respective systems."

Tags:application, artist, audio, company, copyright, download, files, freenet, gnutella, industry, infringe, internet, kazaa, law, lawsuit, legal, midi, morpheus

Abstract
This paper examines the role of the Italian mafia as a business like any other, and its long history in the United States. The author discuses how the mafia's illegal and legal enterprises help propel our capitalist society, and how their ties with major labor unions enable them to dominate major industries. The paper also looks at how the Italian mafia works with other ethnic crime organizations, such as the Russian mafia, and Colombian drug cartels.

From the Paper
"The mafia is a loose term in our country, as we as Americans are fascinated by the mysteriousness of it. Movies, books, plays, and now even a television series have been made depicting different real life stories regarding the mafia. The television show The Sopranos gives a great rendition about life in New Jersey as a mobster. This show allows viewers to see both sides of the story when thinking about gangsters. One is able to see their ruthless side in some situations, and then also the way they conduct business. Much of the business they conduct is with people who know what situation they are in, and are willing to accept the terms, based on a mutual agreement. In recent years, there have been several cases where a mafia member would go against their former family in order to lighten their jail sentence, breaking their code of conduct known as Omerta. The United States is a capitalist and free market society. The mafia helps in the expansion and existence of this capitalist society by their influences in legal and illegal businesses, with the help of political parties and leaders that are best placed to help them."

Tags:crimes, drugs, gambling, government, labor, laundering, loan, sharking, mob, money, organized, politicians, pornography, prostitution, unions