Abstract
This paper discusses and examines the impact of several famous oil spills, with an emphasis on the Prestige oil spill. It also discusses the Valdez oil spill, the lessons learned from the spill and how they applied to the Prestige spill. In particular, it considers the environmental impact of the Valdez spill. It covers the political situation involved in the spill, as well as ways it could have been prevented, and future spills can be prevented.

From the Paper
"In November of 2002, the oil tanker Prestige sank off the Galician coast of Spain. The ensuing spill caused profound environmental effects, and its result still is having an impact on the environment. Just as the Valdez spill was preventable, so was the Prestige. This paper intends to look at both spills, analyze the impact each had and the lessons learned from them, and give suggestions to prevent more spills such as these from happening. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez ran aground on a reef in Prince William Sound, "rupturing its hull and spilling nearly 11 million gallons..."

Tags:prestige, valdez, oil

Abstract
The paper discusses the Exxon Valdez oil spill and compares it to the Prestige spill. The paper analyzes the costs and environmental impact each spill had and offers suggestions to prevent more spills such as these from happening. These include the need to have stronger regulations on oil tankers, proper enforcement of maintenance on tankers and a willingness of governments to work together for a common good.

From the Paper
"On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez ran aground on a reef in Prince William Sound, "rupturing its hull and spilling nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil" (NOS). In an attempt to circumvent an iceberg, the Valdez captain moved outside of the normal shipping lanes, thus running the large tanker aground. The oil spill that occurred resulted in a large clean-up operation--the largest yet in the world (NOS). Despite the huge impact of the spill, the ecosystem has proven quite resilient. Much of the affected areas look the same as they did before the spill. However, there are still long-term impacts of the spill, according to the NOAA."

Tags:cleanup, maintenance, regulations, tankers, beaches, ecosystem

Abstract
The paper is an endeavor to disseminate the truth from the differing opinions relating to an oil spill and environmental disaster. The paper examines the claims made that the fisheries that were destroyed when the ship Exxon Valdez spilled its oil into the Prince William Sound, have completely recovered.

Outline:
Introduction
Exxon's Shame
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report
Alaska Fisheries Science Center Report
Conclusions Drawn from the Review of Literature

From the Paper
"A report published by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center entitled: "The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: How Much Oil Remains" states that the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound "released a minimum of 1.1 million gallons of Alaska crude oil into one of the largest and most productive estuaries in North America." (Short, Rice and Lindeberg, 2001) Studies conducted since that time, specifically a study in 1993 returned estimates stating that "7m of shore line were still contaminated with subsurface oil." (Short, Rice and Lindeberg, 2001) Monitoring that has been ongoing in nature has determined that by 1999 "oil was surprisingly persistent and often in relatively unweathered state, containing high concentrations of toxic and biologically available polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)." (Short, Rice and Lindeberg, 2001) Moreover, "fauna from higher tropic levels such as sea otters and sea ducks still have not recovered." (Short, Rice and Lindeberg, 2001) Public concern led the 2001 assessment of the shorelines of Prince William Sound. The following table relates the summary of the sampling effort in this assessment."

Tags:oil, spill, sea, life, environment

Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the short and long-term ecological and environmental effects of the British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The paper examines the damaging potential of conventional clean-up solutions, while offering two ecologically sound solutions.

Tags:effects of, bp, spill

Abstract
The paper describes the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, the damages it caused to the the coastal environment along southern Alaska's shore, and the methods used for the cleanup. The paper also identifies the legal policies on oil transportation and collection that were created after this spill.

Outline:
Summary of the Spill
Impact on the Environment
Legal Policies Following the Spill
Oil Cleanup
New Tanker Designs to Minimize Effects of Spills

From the Paper
"The oil Tanker Exxon Valdez spilled over 10.8 million gallons of oil into the waters of Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, after which the currents and waves washed the oil out to sea and in to shore, killing millions of marine organisms and birds. After unsuccessful cleanup methods and attempts, the United States Coast Guard had to resort to skimming the oil off of the water, which proved strenuous, and was made even more difficult by unsatisfactory weather conditions. Exxon was widely criticized for its lethargic attitude when it came to assisting in the cleanup, as the coast guard started the efforts without any help from the oil company."

Tags:marine, ecosystem, environment, tankers

Abstract
This paper is a study of the BP oil spill that occurred on April 20, 2010, as a result of an explosion and fire aboard a drilling rig on the coast of Louisiana. The rig eventually sank, killing 11 workers and puncturing an oil gusher The paper also offers facts surrounding the BP oil spill, which include: the inability of BP in fixing the leak and the prediction that there are thousands of miles of incorrigible wetlands and beaches at risk, fisheries damaged for years, fragile species cleared from the region, and some Southern industries that will be left economically crippled for years. Additionally, this paper explains the current and future effects of the fractured well. The paper explains how severely detrimental to the southeastern states the well is and that the well is currently pouring an estimated 210,000 gallons of oil a day into the gulf waters and could continue flowing for years.

From the Paper
"The oil spill does not only affect Southeastern states, but the whole country. The economic ripple effect among businesses has become a problem. Because fishermen are not going out and fishing, because of the ban, restaurants, buyers, and sellers of fish and other seafood are getting less food. The industries that sell outside of the Southern area either raise their prices or they do not have enough to sell, which hurts buyers in the Northern region. This ripple effect is causing job losses across the country. Country-wide, prices are raising and there is a shortage of supply. Through the harsh economic effects the BP oil spill has caused the country, especially Southern states, the worst is yet to come. Millions of more dollars in damages and supplies are estimated to come in the future. However, if the predicted weather improves, conditions could also benefit the states. If the wind pushes in the opposite direction, it will push the oil spillage away from the Southeastern states and the worst could be avoided. Although, the problem would not be solved, it would just be pushed away for the time being. It would not fix the leakage that is still spilling oil into our ocean. If there was an effort to amend the problem when it first happened, we would not have experienced such detrimental economic and environmental turmoil."

Tags:fishermen, fishing, seafood, industries, region

Abstract
The paper analyses the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which occurred on March 24, 1989. The paper examines the environmental concerns of the oil spill, Exxon Valdez being the largest ship ever built for the world's largest oil company. The writer explains that it was not only an industrial accident, but a "technological and organizational disaster" as well. The paper further analyzes the public relations disaster that followed, and concludes that had the crisis been handled differently, Exxon's reputation might well have been enhanced, rather than damaged.

From the Paper
"The industry's insistence on having its own way regarding the regulation of the Valdez tanker trade, and the government's incremental accession to industry pressure, culminated into a disastrous system failure (Details pp). The general public reacted with anger over the environmental damage and the mar upon the Alaskan wilderness (Details pp). The Exxon spill remains on the list of the world's largest oil spills during the past twenty-five years, and has come to be seen as the nation's largest environmental disaster, since Three Mile Island (Details pp)."

Tags:shipping, marine, Alaska, cargo, coastline

Abstract
The paper gives an in depth analysis of the Persian Gulf War conflict and the oil spill of 1991. The first part of the paper gives a history of the conflict. The remaining part focuses on the theory and analysis in creating a solid model in which to define environmental terrorism. The Hardin piece was also used to depict a justification and its relativity to any situation.

From the Paper
"In a world that grows increasingly closer buy the minute, the concern for terrorism is steadily becoming an international issue rather than a national crisis. It is arguable that the advent of germ terrorism and Jihad play a major role in international countermeasures against terrorism. However, environmental terrorism is possibly one of the most significant terrorist tactics that not only impacts multiple nations but also serves to destroy the livelihood of the natural environment. The Persian Gulf War in the 1990's introduced the world to the modern military..."

Tags:environmental, terrorism, hussein

From the Paper
"On a calm, clear spring night in 1989, in Alaska's Prince William Sound, the bridge crew of the supertanker Exxon Valdez felt a strong thump, followed by a prolonged shuddering and loss of steerage way. Their ship had gone aground--not violently, not in a way that immediately endangered the ship itself, but enough to rip open the underside of the tanker's single hull, spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil into the sea.

Within hours, emergency response measures were underway to recover the spilled oil and (above all) to prevent it from spreading out to befoul adjacent shorelines. These measures, however, were too little and too late. By the next day, the Exxon Valdez would be in the world's headlines, the lead story in network newscasts.

By the next week, the circumstances of the accident would be ... "

From the Paper
" On Good Friday, March 24, 1989, Valdez, Alaska was thrust into the world spotlight as the tanker Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef, spilling 10 million gallons of oil into the marine-life-rich waters of Prince William Sound.

The oil spill resulting when the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef was the worst in American maritime history. As the story unfolded, the public learned that the captain of the ship had apparently been drinking, that the third mate was in charge of the vessel at the time it struck the reef, and that safeguards which should have prevented such an accident existed, but were not operating the night of the accident ."