Abstract
This paper briefly compares and contrasts two scholarly articles which explore the key predictors of teenage pregnancy. It looks at "The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Teenage Pregnancy," by Mark W. Roosa, Jenn-Yun Tein, Cindy Reinholtz and Patricia Jo Angelini and "Childhood Victimization and Subsequent Risk for Promiscuity, Prostitution and Teenage Pregnancy: a Prospective Study" by Cathy Spatz Widom and Joseph B. Kuhns. Finally, the paper discusses the manner in which each article constructs its literature review and analyzes the theoretical frame-works underlying each work.

From the Paper
"As with the Roosa et al, study, Spatz Widom and Kuhns are to be commended for using a rigorous methodology. Specifically, they employ multivariate analyses to control for race and ethnicity (as well as socio-economic station) and logistic regression was utilized to ascertain the proper role of each variable in predicting destructive behavior. The basic methodology, in addition to being sound, is devoid of emotionally-heightened rhetoric. The article is also structured in a manner akin to the structure which informs the work of Roosa et al, so the broad suppositions in the introductory part of the paper are progressively explored in a manner befitting the best of the inductive tradition."

Tags:variables, logic, behavior, promiscuity, abuse, prostitution

Abstract
This paper attempts to understand why the teenage pregnancy rates in the United States are among the highest in the developed world. The paper suggests that sexuality education -- or lack thereof -- in the U.S. may be to blame. The paper shows how health care costs relating to teen pregnancy are exorbitantly high, which the paper says taxes all of society's social and economic resources. To reduce these costs, the paper recommends basic ideological shifts in the approach to sexuality education, and calls for greater access to contraceptives for teenagers.

From the Paper
"Teenage pregnancy rates in the United States are among the highest in the developed world. As the nations of Western Europe prove, educational fallacies in the US concerning sexuality education..."

Tags:teenage pregnancy, teenage birth rate, contraception, teenage sexual activity, family planning, planned parenthood

Abstract
This paper identifies a research issue, opportunity or problem that uses a data set consisting of at least 10-20 absolute zero measurements. In particular, the paper details primary and secondary data obtained from the Internet and other resources that expound upon the issue of declining teen pregnancy rates in the US. The paper further describes the methods used to collect the data along with calculations for the measures of central tendency and dispersion. The paper then displays the descriptive statistical data using graphic and tabular techniques along with an explanation of the data. The paper concludes with an action plan for the teenage pregnancy issues based on the data.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Methodology
Data Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The pregnancy rate of teenagers in the United States continues to be an issue of high social concern. "While teenage birthrates have declined significantly in the past decade, they remain high and still impose a social and individual cost" (King, 2005). Knowing the rates have declined, a relevant question is; what factors facilitated the decline and can the factors be used to continue the decline? Two reasons accredited for the decrease in trend include the increased accessibility and use of family planning services and the exposure given to the dangers of unprotected sex by the mainstream media. Additionally, this report will provide details on the collection of primary data associated with the hypotheses."

Tags:data, teenage, pregnancy, family, planning, counseling, sex, health

Abstract
Teenage pregnancy and childbearing are key factors leading teenage mothers into disadvantaged lives. This paper discusses the negative effects of pregnancy on a teenager's life. It looks at how this effects a teenager's family life, education, social life, and the future prospect for the baby.

From the Paper
"Women who give birth as teenagers share many similarities prior to becoming pregnant in terms of family background, racial/ethnic profile and education (Bissel, 2000). These factors will attempt to present fundamental issues related to teen pregnancy and childbearing (Bissel, 2000). The consequences of teenage pregnancy and childbearing in the lives of young women in five different countries will be examined as well (Bissel, 2000)."

Tags:babies, early, teenagers, years, birth, child, abuse

Abstract
Written for an audience of general pediatricians, this paper first identifies the adverse medical consequences of teenage pregnancy, focusing particularly on neonatal outcomes; it then explores whether these negative outcomes are a result of intrinsic susceptibility in the teenage population or whether they are simply a result of social disadvantage. The paper finally briefly discusses some potential solutions to the problem of teenage pregnancy, both on the public policy level and the personal level for a practicing pediatrician. The paper's creative introduction and closing summarizes these points, using the example of President Barack Obama's mother.

Outline:
Introduction
Neonatal morbidity and mortality from teenage pregnancy
A medical problem with social consequences - or vice versa
Solutions on the societal level
Solutions on a personal level
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Regardless of one's opinions, it is empirically true that teenage pregnancy is an important source of medical morbidity and mortality, and a significant social policy issue - and ameliorating the former will likely require solutions from the latter. This paper will first identify the adverse medical consequences of teenage pregnancy, focusing particularly on neonatal outcomes; it will then explore whether these negative outcomes are a result of intrinsic susceptibility in the teenage population or whether they are a result of social disadvantage. The paper will then briefly discuss some potential solutions to these problems, on both the public policy level and the personal level for the practicing pediatrician."

Tags:abortion, sex, education, birth, control, pediatrics

Abstract
This paper covers the definition of deviance and explains why teenage pregnancy is considered a deviant behavior, as well as the consequences of such labeling. It shows how, today, most Americans believe teenage pregnancy is deviant or goes against societal norms and describes how this norm is changing. It also discusses the way that Americans view teenage sexuality differs considerably from other countries, such as France, Germany, and Holland, and how in these three countries, early sexuality is much more acceptable. Finally, it provides some suggestions of what can be done to improve the teenage pregnancy situation.

From the Paper
"Sociologists Earl Rubington and Martin S. Weinberg note that the definition of deviance differs as much as what can be deviant and approach the topic in an alternate way. They see two main schools of thought: deviance as objective reality and deviance as subjective experience. Those who adhere to the objective approach stress the importance of norms and values of any given society at the structural level, with any differentiation from these considered deviant. This perspective is based on three assumptions: 1) there is consensus throughout society concerning norms and values and thus deviance is easily recognized; 2) deviance generally evokes negative sanctions against and attitudes toward the deviants and their actions; and 3) the punishment of the deviant reaffirms for the group that they are bound by common norms and values."

Tags:stigmatism, stereotyping, discrimination, labels

Abstract
The paper shows that teenage childbearing crosses all socioeconomic, ethnic and racial backgrounds. The writer describes different projects that have been set up in order to prevent teenage pregnancies, showing which were successful and which failed. The writer explains that one of the primary causes of teenage pregnancy is low self-esteem. Young men and women see having a baby as an achievement, a statement of self-worth. In summation, the writer states that teen pregnancy is an epidemic in American society and that adolescents need to see that a baby is not an achievement, but rather a life long commitment. The writer suggests that any program that wants to succeed will need to implement life skills, decision making and critical thinking into its curriculum.

From the Paper
"In studying the causes of teenage pregnancy, some trends are apparent. Students doing poorly in school are more inclined to use pregnancy as a measure of tangible self-worth. In addition, school dropouts have a high pregnancy rate. Most teenagers are well versed in sex education but do not have the critical thinking needed to see their choice as far reaching, nor do they have decision-making ability. This is a greater problem in black populations than in white ones. Teenagers are reluctant to use contraceptives for numerous reasons, resulting in unwanted pregnancies; some of these teens choose abortion as an alternate means of birth control. Teenagers with low educational and low vocational aspirations have a higher rate of pregnancy. Teens from single parent families have a high rate of pregnancy."

Tags:self, esteem, self, worth, abortion, birth, control, leon, dash

Abstract
This paper examines how the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy has been one of the major health and social concerns all over the world and how, although the trend among industrialized countries has been on a slow decline, there are still social and health implications that certainly demand action to prevent its occurrence. The paper also looks at how there have been numerous studies that focused on the social and economic consequences of teenage pregnancy towards the teenage mother, the unborn child, as well as in the dynamics of the family.

From the Paper
"Teenage mothers and their children are faced with socioeconomic consequences that could be detrimental to both parties. Most of these teenage mothers are from low-income households. It has been reported that teenagers coming from low-income families have a risk of becoming pregnant by at least 10 times (Quinlivan et al., 2004). Moreover, these teenage mothers have not finished school yet. Most of these mothers are 1.9 to 2.2 years short of finishing high school. It was found that females who continue on with their education tend to delay having children because of the consequences they perceive of childbearing; they opt to postpone it to advance academically and economically. Those who do get pregnant have 50% likelihood that they will not finish high school at all; this is attributed to their lack of motivation and ambition."

Tags:fetus, abortion, stillborn

Abstract
Teenage pregnancy is a growing problem in America. Why? Many reasons stem to the need for teenagers to feel love and accepted. Often teenagers are abandoned by families and boyfriends when the teenage pregnancy is confirmed. Parents teaching their teenagers values and morals will aid in helping this problem.

Abstract
The paper discusses the fact that teenage pregnancy remains one of the most pervasive social problems discussed in the media today. It explains that teenage pregnancy does not occur in a vacuum, it is also a sociological problem, as certain teenagers from certain disadvantaged backgrounds engage in high risk behavior with greater frequency than those who do not. The paper discusses that a cognitive-behavioral psychological approach of unintended rewards and reinforcement combined with a homeostatic structural-functional sociological approach towards human society can produce an explanation and some possible solutions to this problem.

From the Paper
"First, however, an overview of the problem and current available solutions must be briefly documented. One of the most striking facets about teenage pregnancy is the relatively high rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States, as compared with other industrialized nations. Frank pregnancy-prevention programs in nations such Sweden with low rates of teenage pregnancy have caused many advocates to suggest that the cause of the United States' relatively high teenage pregnancy rate must be due to its enforced sexual naivete in education and Puritanical attitudes towards teenage sexuality. Other advocates take the opposite view and stress abstinence as the answer to the problem of teenage sexuality."

Tags:violence, ethnic, backgrounds, Jeep, adolescent