Abstract This paper analyzes the negative political impact that large powerfulorganizations can have. It describes the cycle of corruption, oppression and turmoil that produces terrorism, which in turn generates reactionary policies in the United States which are detrimental to democracy. Specifically, the paper looks at the consequences of the political and economic alliance between powerfulinternationalorganizations and conservative-controlled governments.
From the Paper "The stark truth is that globalization is harmful to hundreds of millions of people around the world, and has produced destructive political blowback in the form of terrorism, dangerous instability and escalating violence in the Middle East, alarming restrictions on civil liberties in the United States, the outsourcing of millions of jobs in order to exploit cheap labor in Third World countries, and the degeneration of America's political system into an Orwellian system in which lies are peddled as the truth and the truth is degraded as lies.
"One of the biggest lies is that globalization benefits everyone. Monopoly capitalist dominance over the world's economy through globalization threatens to condemn undeveloped nations to permanent subservience and endless poverty. Under such conditions, it is hypocritical for the IMF to call for debt relief when the debts are conditioned on the very same economic policies that exacerbates indebtedness throughout the Third World. (Bull 261-263)"
Abstract This paper explains that the legality of actions taken by some of the internationalorganizations, which are involved with nations seeking their services and support, have been questionable. The author points out that an increasing number of foreign and domestic critics are contending that organizations have stretched and even violated international law as well as the democratic principles they claim to uphold. The paper relates that these organization can be NGOs, the IMF, the World Bank and various government agencies.
From the Paper "In examining the relationship between international law and the requirements of statehood, it is evident that the legality of actions taken by some of the organizations that are involved with nations seeking their services and support has been questionable. An increasing number of foreign and domestic critics are contending that organizations such as NGO's, the IMF, and World Bank, and various government agencies have stretched and even violated international law, as well as the democratic principles they claim to uphold. There are a broad variety of organizations active throughout the world today. For example, there are NGO's that operate strictly on a national basis, and those that operate beyond national borders on an international scale."
Abstract A paper which discusses Argentina's economic and governmental involvement in the internationalorganizations: United Nations (UN), Organization of American States (OAS), Protocol of Ouro Preto, Implementing the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), and International Monetary Fund (IMF).
From the Paper "In March 2002, an IMF mission team was sent to Buenos Aires to assess the economic situation and discuss with the government elements of an economic program to resolve the current difficulties faced by Argentina (IMF, pg). This mission was encouraged by the government's determination to provide a comprehensive economic program with close cooperation with the international financial institutions (IMF, pg). The program's aim is to stabilize Argentina's financial situation and establish the foundations for resuming growth. Discussions centered on implementing a realistic macroeconomic framework and consistent fiscal and monetary policies. Furthermore, fundamental structural and institutional reforms were put forth to restore confidence in the banking system and to establish an orderly and fair business environment (IMF, pg). "
Tags: South, America, federal, republic, Mercosur, White, Helmuts, United, Nations, UN, Organization, American, States, OAS, Protocol, Ouro, Preto, Southern, Common, Market, Mercosur, International, Monetary, Fund, IMF
Abstract This paper explains that the film "Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery" was inspired by a slew of sixties spy movies including the James Bond films. The author points out that most of Mike Myers inspiration came from the spy spoofs "Helm Series" produced by Columbia Pictures and loosely based on Donald Hamilton's novels. The paper explains that, in the part described by the author, the producers purposely switched the female character with a male character just after Austin hits the woman, setting the stage for the classic good versus evil theme of the film. The author underscores that the costumes play a huge role in the film with Austin dressing a bit on the feminine side, unlike the masculine 007 Sean Connery. The paper concludes that the film seems to reinforce stereotypes of men and woman in both space and time.
From the Paper "The scene I will look at is at the five minute and 18 second mark. It is in the beginning of the second chapter. The atmosphere is electric because Austin is at a club called the Electric Psychedelic Pussycat Swingers Club. Pink Floyd himself would be proud of the colors mixed in at the club. Lighting is very high for a club. The only effects are the different colors and shapes of light to signify a psychedelic mind-tripping club, which was typical in the sixties. The music was The Strawberry Alarm Clock "Incense and Peppermints" which are from southern California and was popular in 1967."
Tags: photographer, altercation, sex symbol, close-up shots, costume
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that in the current changing paradigm of increasing globalization, the proliferation of non-government organizations, and the growing activities of multinationals, the scope of international law has become much broader. The writer points out that the jurisdictional and protective reach of international law now extends far beyond traditional state-to-state interactions to internationalorganizations as well as individuals. This paper looks at the background of the expanding scope of international law. The writer then discusses some of the challenges, benefits and trade-offs that such a growing reach of international law necessarily brings.
Outline:
The Expanding Scope of International Law
Challenges
Benefits
Trade-Offs
Works Cited
From the Paper "International law is often perceived to encroach upon domestic sovereignty of nation-states. Most governments are jealously protective of their sovereignty and consider any international law that conflict with their domestic laws as unwanted intrusion in their internal affairs. It is, however, noticeable that the most fervent opposition to a more widespread implementation of international law comes from coercive, dictatorial regimes such as China, Russia, and the military regime of Burma governments who do not like to adhere to civilized norms of behavior, particularly in the treatment of their own people. Even a number of democratic countries, such as the United States are only supportive of international law as long as it serves their narrow national interest. Hence, the biggest challenge to extending the scope of international law beyond its traditional boundaries is to devise and implement it in such a way that it does not conflict with domestic laws and does not threaten sovereignty of nations. "
Tags: relations, conflicts, sovereign, nations, power
Abstract This paper summarizes and comments on three articles about international relations. The paper first discusses Robert Jervis' article "Security Regimes" and explains that, in it, Jervis asks whether restraining behavior in hopes that other nations will do the same is a good or bad for national security. The paper then discusses David A. Lake's article, "Anarchy, Hierarchy, and the Variety of International Relations", noting that the author argues that international relations will always take either an anarchic or a hierarchy relationship. The paper concludes with Russett, Oneal and Davis' article "The Third Leg of Kantian Tripod for Peace: InternationalOrganizations and Militarized Disputes, 1950-85", which claims that the ideologies laid forth by Immanuel Kant are an excellent model for achieving peace on a global scale.
From the Paper "This second form of relations is a hierarchy, where one country will have a dominance over the others in its sphere of influence. Since "security is a complex phenomenon dependent upon a state's assessment of the likely behavior of another", there are differencing opinions on how to interact with other counties. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union had a hierarchy with the countries in its sphere of influence. This means that it was the dominant force making all of the decision in its side of the world because its leaders believed that this was the most efficient way to do things."
Why international jurisprudence should avoid claims of universality, and focus on arbitration and crimes against humanity in small or defeated nations.
930 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, 2002, $ 33.95
Abstract This paper discusses the role that international jurisprudence plays in conflicts between nations, and how the role of the international courts is being abused by nations, who want to use the reaps of war, rather than negotiations, to settle their disputes.
From the paper:
"The ICJ reveals itself as impotent even when adjudicating against weaker nations, as illustrated by its farcical order that Iran free its American hostages taken after the Embassy was stormed (Meyer 127). Whether with great powers or less powers, international jurisprudence is helpless to resolve conflicts in which one party merely desires to exploit its power.
Where both parties are mutually interested in an arbitrated solution to a dispute, however, international jurisprudence is useful."
Tags: arbitration, court, icj, jurisprudence, nations, un, united, law, war, power, nicaragua, new, zealand, melos
Abstract The paper discusses the threat modern organized crime poses to society and the way that transnational crime has increased this threat. The paper explores how the modern technological environment and volatile conditions in many parts of the world provide a lucrative environment for organized crime. The paper further shows how internationalorganized crime functions with the assistance of various governments in the world that makes its detection much harder.
Outline:
Introduction and Overview
The Extent of Organized Crime
The Involvement of Governments
The Dynamics of InternationalOrganized Crime
Government and Organized Crime
Conclusion
From the Paper "A common definition of organized crime is, "Widespread criminal activities, such as prostitution, interstate theft, or illegal gambling, that occur within a centrally controlled formal structure" ( Dictionary: organized crime). The emphasis in this definition is on the elements of control and formal structure, which differentiates this form of crime from other categories of crime.
"The definition of organized crime however becomes extended when the element of international or transnational crime is added. This means that the organization and activities of crime takes place across a much larger and more complex area and that the effect of this type of crime is more extensive and pervasive."
Abstract This paper discusses the article "Turning Points in InternationalOrganization," by Daniel Druckman. The writer explains the three types of turning points that Druckman identifies as instrumental to internationalorganization--procedural, substantive, and external--and describes how Druckman gives examples to back the claims that he makes. The writer also describes Druckman's conclusions about security negotiations and environmental and trade negotiations, with external turning points being more influential on the former and substantive turning points affecting the latter. The paper concludes that because trade, and especially environmental issues affect the world as a whole, Druckman's scholarship regarding turning points will positively affect the future of international negotiations if extreme globalization due to communications technology is taken into account.
From the Paper "While this application of turning points is an interesting contributor to the continuing discussion of international relations negotiations, Druckman suggests it has significant implications for one's understanding of international negotiation. While security issues were most associated with external turning points, suggesting an adversarial type of negotiation environment, environmental and trade negotiations were associated with internal, or substantive and procedural, turning points. This suggests a collaborative environment. Thus, Druckman suggests that these turning points allow others to view the differing attitudes with which governments view different types of negotiations (Druckman 522-523)."
Tags: consensus-building typology, World War Two, Churchill NAFTA collaborative imperialism
Suggests that the modern concept of power in today's organizations has been transformed from a traditional superior-subordinate relationship to one that is more loose and informal.
Abstract This paper examines how the modern concept of power in organizations has changed the role of the manager and the role of employees. The paper goes on to suggest that in today's workplace, a manager is no longer one who exercises absolute authority. The manager's role is now that of a facilitator and catalyst. As a result of this change in the concept of power, the controlling function of leadership has evolved. Today's employees enjoy a greater degree of control and power that was unheard of ten years ago.
From the Paper "In today's society, human beings are exposed to and strongly influenced by many types of power. As a result of globalization and innovative technology, managers and employees alike are seeing rapid changes in their workplaces. The changes affect millions of people personally, as they have to deal with company downsizing and learning new skills."
Abstract This essay will look first at the League of Nations and the potential multipolar system that it offered, followed by an analysis of how this gave way to the reality of a bipolar, Cold War system divided between the United States and the U.S.S.R.. In this context, this essay will end with an examination of how a unipolar system for settling disputes and maintaining international peace and security has become instituted in the United Nations.
Abstract The writer reviews an article entitled "Measuring Nursing Power Within Organizations," written by Christina L. Sieloff and published in a nursing journal entitled "Journal of Nursing Scholarship." The paper explains the reason for this choice of article, that it is an excellent example of research conducted within the ambit of mid-range nursing theories.
Abstract This paper discusses the World Trade Organization. The WTO is the most influential body regarding trade, trade relationships, and trade disputes in the world. While the US is obviously one of its leading members, it has not been the dominant force in this organization that it has in other major internationalorganizations. Although only organized since 1995, the WTO also has its roots in the post World War II era.
From the Paper "The WTO is the follow-on organization to GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) that guided international trade since the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 attempted to form the International Trade Organization (Condon, 2002). While the ITO was never successful due primarily to US lobbying, GATT guided world trade matters until the Uruguay Round in 1995 created the..."
Abstract Since the end of the Cold War, Polish organized crime has taken advantage of their country's geographical location to produce and smuggle illegal narcotics. These illegal activities are increasing in scope and impacting not only in Europe but South America and the United States as well.
This paper focuses on three of the largest internationalorganizations in the world, the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA).
Abstract This writer of this paper details the events that led to the creation of NAFTA, NATO and the UN as well as their original goals of preventing war and improving economic issues of trade while helping the world function as a globalized and interrelated unit. The writer contends and explains why these organizations currently function as merely a personification of the very issues that existed before their introduction. This paper details the history of the UN, NATO and NAFTA. NATO was established after WWII, thanks to various European nations and the U.S. The intention of NATO was to band together as a military alliance against the threat of the Soviet Union. This paper looks at NATO since the fall of the Soviet Union, in which many contend the organization has been taken over by U.S. interests. This paper also discusses the world's perception of NAFTA, which is an economically driven alliance between north American nations, with the advantage going to the wealthiest and most powerful member nations. The writer delves into the workings of the UN which has repeatedly been stymied in its efforts to accomplish important international tasks, which are detailed in this paper. This paper also discusses the role of the U.S. as the principle power in all three organizations.
From the Paper "So, too, many consider NAFTA, an economically driven alliance between North American Nations (principally Canada, the United States, and Mexico) to be equally unbalanced, with the advantage going to the wealthiest and most powerful member nations. In this case, many assert that, although the concept of "free trade" between the North American nations is a good one, in practice the natural imbalance of the alliance proves problematic. For example, many within Mexico complain that the agenda of the United States, and secondarily, Canada overshadows any legitimate concerns that Mexico may have."
