Abstract This paper notes that the powdered beverage industry covers a number of different types of beverages, from various types of tea to breakfast drinks like Tang. The paper describes this as one of the fastest growing sectors in the beverage industry as manufacturers try to market products by emphasizing the flexible, easily-customizable nature of their drink mixes.
Abstract In this review of "Powder" by Tobias Wolff, the writer offers an introduction to the story and discusses its symbolisms. It highlights the theme of the story as being about the relationship between a father and son. It discusses how the accepted roles of a man and a boy can appear confused. The writer maintains that the adult in the relationship is not always who it seems. The paper concludes that Wolffs story shows how people can learn about themselves through their relationship with others.
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the short story "Powder," by Tobias Wolff. Specifically, it will discuss symbols in the story to support the thesis. "Powder" is the story of a boy and his father, and the loving relationship that is not always apparent between the two. The boy is more like a man, and the father is more like a boy, showing the adult in a relationship is not always who it seems, but that people can learn about themselves by their relationships with others."
Abstract "Powder" is the tale of a young man and his father, and the lack of a loving relationship between the two. The writer explains how the son is more like the man of the family, while the father is often more like a young boy, illustrating the adult in a relationship is not always really the most grown up or mature, and that people can learn about themselves by how they treat their relationships with their loved ones. Includes an outline.
From the Paper "Unfortunately, the young man in this story is afraid to speak to his father, "I was supposed to say, 'Right, doctor,' but I didn't say anything" (Wolff). He is also abnormally obsessed with minuscule details for someone who is so young. "True, I always thought ahead. I was a boy who kept his clothes on numbered hangers to ensure proper rotation. I bothered teachers for homework assignments far ahead of their due dates so I could make up schedules" (Wolff). Sadly, this young man has grown up too fast, and has little enjoyment of youth."
Abstract This paper provides a brief history of cocaine use and an overview of the disparity between powdered cocaine users and crack cocaine users and will enumerate the reasons for the disparity. The paper also looks at the disparity between the sentencing of powdered cocaine users and crack cocaine users.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Cocaine: Facts and History
Effects of Cocaine
History of Cocaine Use
Social Classes of America
Upper Class
Middle Class
Working Class
Lower Class
Crack vs. Powdered Cocaine
Powdered Cocaine
Crack Cocaine
Class Disparity on Powdered Cocaine and Crack Cocaine Use
Introduction of Cocaine to the Capitalist Economy
The Disparity of Crack vs. Cocaine Use
Sentencing Policy on Cocaine and Crack Cocaine
Racial Disparity
Legislative History
Litigation
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the case United States v. Armstrong, four defendants in Los Angeles charged with trafficking crack cocaine filed a motion for discovery or dismissal, alleging that they were victims of "selective prosecution" by race. This motion was made after the federal public defender's office found that all 24 crack cocaine cases closed in Los Angeles in 1991 involved blacks. The district court and the circuit court upheld the motion, but the federal prosecutor refused to comply. The government then appealed to the Supreme Court, which decided in favor of the government."
Tags: history class race violence, sentencing policy
Abstract After a decade of contentious debate regarding the federal sentencing disparities between crack cocaine and powder cocaine, a number of significant initiatives to reform current policy have recently emerged. These include legislation introduced in Congress and a series of hearings resulting in recommendations by the United States Sentencing Commission. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the sentencing disparities with regard to crack cocaine as compared to powder cocaine. It examines the development of federal legislation creating greater criminal penalties for crack cocaine than powder cocaine and assesses recent developments, studies, and research in an effort to resolve the sentencing disparities. Finally, it offers recommendations to resolve this sentencing issue for future legislation, law enforcement agencies, and federal and local governments.
Paper Outline
Executive Summary
Introduction
Background of Cocaine
Statement of the Problem
Impact of Disparity in Sentencing
Demographic Profile of Federal Cocaine Offenders
Operational Assumptions
Statistical Analysis
Significance of the Research
Review of Related Literature
Recommendations and Hypothesis
Proposed Methodology
Proposed Data Collection
Research Findings
Results
Recommendations
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "A possible question for policy makers is whether the career offender guideline, especially as it applies to repeat drug traffickers, clearly promotes an important purpose of sentencing. Unlike repeat violent offenders, whose incapacitation may protect the public from additional crimes by the offender, criminologists and law enforcement officials have noted that retail-level drug traffickers are readily replaced by new drug sellers so long as the demand for a drug remains high. Incapacitating a low-level drug seller prevents little, if any, drug selling; the crime is simply committed by someone else."
Abstract This paper evaluates several issues that may affect sentencing disparities for abusing crack as opposed to powder cocaine. Among these issues examined is race and its impact on sentencing. Gender issues are also considered, as are the pre-natal effects of these drugs. The writer clarifies the difference between crack and powder cocaine and how this may also influence sentencing.
Outline:
Sentencing Disparities
Cocaine and 'Crack Babies'
Past Research
Moral and Legal Issues
Development
Bibliography
From the Paper "There are more African-American individuals on death row than white individuals and most of these individuals awaiting execution have committed drug crimes, many of which involved crack, and less that involved powder cocaine (Pope, 1976). Even the Attorney General of the United States is willing to admit that drug laws are the main reason that there are so many African-Americans on death row today and that African-Americans are arrested at a higher rate for these types of crimes than Caucasian individuals (Pope, 1976). While this may seem irrelevant to a discussion of crack vs. powder cocaine specifically, the issue of minority status is actually somewhat important in sentencing guidelines for all crimes, although it is not an issue that judges are legally allowed to use."
Abstract This paper differentiates between the dangerous slab avalanche, and the often harmless powder avalanche. It explains what weather conditions contribute to the worst avalanches. It also examines the significant impacts avalanches have on the environment and shows certain preventative techniques to protect and limit the damages and deaths caused by avalanches.
From the Paper "There are two types of avalanches; powder avalanches and slab avalanches. In very cold, dry weather, light powdery snow grains don"t stick together. If this snow is pushed down the slope, it forms a powder avalanche, which swirls along like an enormous white cloud. Normally these avalanches aren"t that dangerous as there isn?t much snow in them, they are also easy to get away from, most of the time. The slab avalanche is the most dangerous, and causes the most damage. A slab avalanche starts off as a solid chunk of frozen snow about the size of a soccer field and about 30 feet thick ( McClung, David and Schaerer, Peter, 129). It usually forms on sunny days that are followed by frosty nights and snow that melts and freezes again. These slabs are cracked, commonly by the edge of a ski, and break into many different thick pieces that haul down the slope, taking out whatever is in its path."
Abstract This paper argues that racial discrimination in the sentencing of blacks has taken away judicial discretion and created an expensive and regretful policy of imprisoning large numbers of blacks, who might have been better off given second chances. The author points out that the passage of the crack cocaine law in 1986 made black defendants much more liable to spend time in prison if they were street dealers of crack cocaine rather than if they were dealing powder cocaine, which is essentially the same drug. The paper emphasizes that crack cocaine sentences are the largest factor in racial disparity in federal sentencing. Includes charts.
From the Paper "The cocaine sentencing debate that followed the implementation of the 1986 law has shown the depth of the impact of crack sentencing disparity. In the 1980s, crack cocaine use was covered widely by the press, due to its rapid growth in the drug market. For the first time cocaine was made available to a wider economic class because of its cheap price. By taking powder cocaine, cooking it with baking soda and water, a hard rocky substance is created that can be cracked into smaller pieces called "Crack." These "rocks" are then sold in small quantities."
Abstract This paper describes some of the many technological advancements that took place in China prior to the fourteenth century under the Shang and Chou dynasties. The paper relates that under Chinese Shang rule, bronze metallurgy was developed that then evolved into the development of blast furnaces and advanced iron-casting capabilities. The paper also discusses the development of a distinctive writing system and examines China's contributions to the lives of Europeans. This included the glazed pottery known as china or porcelain as well as other inventions of the compass, paper, gun powder, natural gas, mechanical clocks and row planting.
From the Paper "The era of the Shang and Chou dynasties represent the formative years of Chinese history. Prior to this period, China was politically unified, yet comparable to India before its unification by the Mauryan Dynasty. This was the time when a majority of China's cultural traditions that exist today materialized. For many centuries, the country of China was in an isolated state away from other civilization, seas, deserts, and mountains. This helps to explain the originality and uniqueness of the Chinese culture. China's transition from Neolithic culture to civilization was complete with the establishment of Shang rule over most of North China in addition to the first written texts ("Notes on China")."
Abstract Sintering, which is a stage of powder metallurgy, is a thermal process that creates inter-particle welds. It is where powder compacts are annealed in a controlled atmosphere to a temperature at which solid-state diffusion occurs. On the other hand, recrystallization is the process of the formation of new strain-free grains from initially cold-worked grains. This paper examines an experiment that had, as its objectives, the intention of examining of the effects of sintering and recrystallization on the microstructure and the hardness of the specimens. The samples used are copper and copper-zinc powders for sintering and brass for recrystallization. The paper shows that the copper and copper-zinc powders are compacted and are sintered in a nitrogen-containing atmosphere at different temperature and time settings. The brass samples are cold-worked and are annealed at different temperature and time settings. The paper includes tables.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Section
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "When a polycrystalline metal is cold worked, the grain boundaries act to interrupt the slip processes that occur in the crystals. The lattice adjacent to the grain boundaries is much more distorted in the center of the grains. Decreasing the grain size increases the grain boundary area and, as a consequence, the volume and the uniformity of the distorted metal. This effect decreases the number of possible sites of nucleation and, therefore, the smaller the grains of the metal before cold work, the greater will be the rate of nucleation and the smaller the recrystallized grain size for a given degree of deformation."
Abstract In this paper the author looks at different questions that arise when examining a crime scene. He questions photography as a tool, citing its advantages and disadvantages. The author points out that with modern photography, pictures can easily be altered and do not necessarily stand up in a court of law. He elaborates on this issue. The paper continues with an examination of steps investigators take in order to ensure the integrity of the crime scene and, the procedures used to collect and submit the evidence. The author then discusses the different types of DNA that can and are used in evidence and how they can be taken. The paper concludes with a look at the different types of powders that are available and are used in detecting finger prints.
Table of Contents:
Pros and Cons of Photographing Examinations
Operating Principles of Photographing
Guidelines for Ensuring Your Digital Photographs Are Admissible
Traditional and Magnetic Powders Fluorescent Powders Small Particle Reagent
Cyanoacrylate Fuming
From the Paper "Mitochondria are cell structures found in all our cells. They are the power plants of our body, providing about 90% of the energy that our body needs to function. What's significant from the forensic science perspective is that single mitochondria hold several loops of DNA all of which are involved in energy generation. Further, since each cell in our body contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria, this in fact means that there are hundreds to thousands of mtDNA copies in a human cell. This compares to just two copies of nuclear DNA located in that same cell. Thus, forensic scientists are offered better sensitivity and the opportunity to characterize mtDNA in situations where nuclear DNA is significantly degraded, such as in charred remains, or may be present in small quantity. Interestingly, in situations where authorities cannot get a reference sample from an individual who may be long deceased or missing, a mtDNA reference sample can be acquire from any maternally related relative. However, all individuals of the same maternal lineage will be indistinguishable by mtDNA analysis."
Abstract The following paper examines the history of solid propulsion and black powder and discusses how it was used. It also looks at the advantages and disadvantages of solid propulsion in relation to its liquid counterparts.
From the Paper "The first solid propulsion engines were invented by the Chinese early in the 13th century in use of fireworks. These homemade rockets were propelled by black powder. The first recorded military use was in 1232 in a military siege where the powder propelled rockets were used to set fire to tents. It wasn?t until years later around the early 15th century when they started becoming used in Europe and equipped with a payload. Gunpowder started being used as it burned slower than black powder. The two have same the same ingredients but in different proportions. A large step forward was when the solid propulsion rockets were used to carry rope from distressed ships to shore in stormy conditions. The sailors would use the rope as a lifeline in their rowboats. However this relied on the fact that the shore could only be as far away as the longest rope."
From the Paper "The sentencing disparity between convictions for crack cocaine and powder cocaine is discriminatory toward African-Americans. Federal policy is responsible for this disparity, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and Public Law 104-38 (Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Amendment, Disapproval) being the most significant contributors. Differences in the consumption and marketing patterns of crack cocaine and powder cocaine do not justify stiffer penalties. Ironically, the inequitable sentencing of African-Americans has done little to remedy the problem of cocaine trafficking in the United States.
Government officials justify the disparity in sentencing between powder cocaine and crack cocaine based on the devastating effect that the latter drug exerts at the community level. According to testimony at a recent Congressional hearing.."
From the Paper "The criminal justice system, in the United States, contains elements of racism. This is especially apparent in the mandatory jail sentencing legislation for illegal drug charges. A sentencing disparity exists, between individuals, arrested for crack cocaine and powdered cocaine possession. This sentencing disparity is the result of mandatory sentencing guidelines, which require different lengths of jail terms for conviction of possession, of the different forms of cocaine. The law, as it is written, has racial implications. The words, of the law itself, are not racially discriminatory, but the application of the law, and the sociological effects of the law are racially discriminatory. The reasons behind the law and the discriminatory aspects of the law are varied. These background issues will need to be addressed in order to find a solution to.."
Abstract This paper examines in-depth the historic connection between warfare and technology. It explores the early tales of arms traders, as seen the emergence of gun powder worldwide in numerous historical documents at same time. The paper follows the history of mankind and the weapons that followed: Canons, pistols, automatic riffles, tanks, battleships, and nuclear bombs. It also describes the military strategies of each era: Trench warfare, aerial bombardments, blockade running and the cold war.
From the Paper "Nothing reflects the power of mankind's intellect more aptly or in a more timely fashion than his ability to vanquish a military opponent. In warfare, technological advantages complement tactical ones in shaping the destiny of civilizations, and it is in war that one finds the newest, most forward thinking technologies. This is important in that the chief difference between medieval war and wars in the modern age is technological.
Medieval preconceptions about the nature of warfare fell to the sound of a cannon blast with the walls of Constantinople in 1453. Many believe this technology to have been transmitted to the invading Ottoman Turks via Arab traders. In the Arabian colonies of Africa, saltpetre was known as "Chinese snow" and in Persia as "Chinese salt" and one 13th century manuscript refers to a substance causing "Heaven shaking thunder!" However, it was said to be a Hungarian cannon-maker that designed the Sultan's siege weapons."
Tags: war, military, technology, canon, riffle, nuclear, bomb
