Abstract
This paper stresses that, although many economists point to China's rapidly growing economy and decreasing poverty rate, the figures on poverty in the country are still alarming, especially in the rural areas. The author points out that policy measures focusing on local poor regions should include promoting growth of resource improvement, rural education, labor issues and health, especially as sickness issues are one of the primary factors driving China's rural poverty. The paper relates that the bulk of poverty reduction techniques for China should involve taxation, international aid and the abolishment of the vast rural-urban segmentation characteristic of China, a situation that is being exacerbated by China's growing industrialization. The paper includes several quotations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Poverty in China: Background
Poverty in China: Important Issues for Address
Policy Measures for Improving China's Poverty
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is an unarguable fact that China's poverty problem is primarily rural. China is generally being effective in reducing its absolute poverty; however, relative poverty appears to be increasing. China's spread of poverty is highly regional. ... China's widening economic disparity is generally thought to exist owing to reform and structural changes within the nation that shifted "central planning to markets and from agriculture to manufacturing and services, and opening up to international trade and knowledge transfer." The nation showcases a distinctive lack of rural job opportunities under a climate of increasing industrialization."

Tags:rural, urban, health, taxation, international

Abstract
This paper discusses the current state of poverty in China, the level of reduction in poverty the country has achieved, and what the country may be able to do about the issue in the future, noting that an issue to be considered when doing business in China is the degree of poverty faced in that country and how well China is doing at reducing the levels of poverty so as to bring the whole country to a new economic structure.

From the Paper
"Two facts are well-known and accepted by most Americans: first, China is a huge country with a massive population; and second, China is a Communist country that may or may not be in transition to a more market-oriented economy. The size of China is one of the reasons why many U.S. companies want to do business there, for these companies see this huge population as a new consumer base. The U.S. government, and many other Western governments, support doing business with China from the view that this will help lead China to a different market orientation and will increase freedom in China over time."

Tags:china, poverty, reduction

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that although many economists point to rapidly growing Chinese economy alongside a decreasing poverty rate, the figures are still alarming. The writer looks at official poverty line statistics for China and presents a proposal for the reduction of poverty in China.

From the Paper
"The official poverty line statistics indicate that China's poor has fallen from 200 million in 1981 to 28 million in 2002 - an impressive improvement, but still far from prosperity. The World Bank's $1/day income measure similarly indicates that the number of poor have dropped from 490 million to 88 million over the comparative period. It is true that China has somewhat curbed its poverty problem: real GDP has ..."

Tags:poverty, China, policy

Abstract
This work makes a thorough review of the available literature relating to U.S. trade relations and policy with China, as well as the impact that free trade has had upon human civil rights and democracy in the country of China. The paper states that one of the important outcomes of free trade in the country of China has been the reduction of poverty. This in turn, according to the paper, has lead to growing power vested in citizens of the country and less power vested in the ruling party. Furthermore, it asserts that the rapid change in China has been termed to be a 'transformation' in many primary aspects of living demonstrated in the improved economic and financial aspects in China, as well as serving to impact political aspects in the country as well. The paper concludes that the government in China does not appear to be ready to shun the economic benefits of trade liberalization even if that means making room for the effects of democratization that goes along with economic benefits.

Outline:
Introduction
Idealism versus Realism
Free Trade: U.S.and China Trade Relations
Trade Liberalization and Democratization
Creeping Democratization (Minxin, 1995)
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Ying Ma relates that in spite of what the United States or even the citizens of China may desire, 'the Chinese Government has so far quashed and neutralized pressure for fundamental political change. Beijing controls and stunts precisely those instruments that contribute to the success of broad-cased domestic opposition: It cracks down on political opponents, co-opts potential ones, and indoctrinates the masses. It is eagerly attempting to maximize economic modernization while minimizing its liberalizing effects.' (Ma, 2007) Ying Ma states that there are several 'concrete steps' that might assist promotion of democracy in China. The first of these steps is that 'the United States should not wade into the quandary of slowing Chinese economic growth and cannot stop the Chinese government from institutionalization itself or co-opting its rival political groups,...' however it is possible that the U.S. can do more toward combating 'other sources of authoritarian resilience by strengthening China's political opposition and countering the regime's restriction of coordination goods that range from press freedom to the ability to organize.'"

Tags:trade, democracy, benefits, economics, politics, liberalization

Abstract
The paper discusses how advances in technology have figuratively shrunk the world, linking all four corners of the globe and facilitating global relationships. The writer examines how, despite the challenges of insensitive development of globalized free trade, in general, the positive benefits of this policy far outweigh the disadvantages. The paper notes that globalization has brought rapid prosperity to many developing countries and that because of the liberalization of free trade policies, poverty levels have fallen dramatically in many developing countries. The paper concludes that because of this economic growth, millennium development goals are on track for many countries, with a hope of reducing the world's poor to approximately 600 million, by the year 2015.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Global Overview of Poverty Statistics
Economic Performance and the Reduction of Poverty
Malaysia
China
El Salvador
Challenges to Globalization as a Reducer of Poverty: Free Trade and the Rice Sector
Other Challenges to Globalization: Higher Unemployment Rates
Doha Development Round: The Future of Economic Development in the War Against Global Poverty
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Ten countries, with agricultural export potential, were analyzed in a WTO commissioned research study. In the study, East Asia and Europe were identified as leading winners to trade reform in both the short and the long-term. "In Brazil, liberalization would drive rapid poverty reduction by prompting increased agricultural production and employment in regions with relatively higher poverty incidence, while in China, the poor would gain as exports would increase to agricultural markets in East Asia that are highly protected at the present" ("Poverty & the WTO", 2005)."

Tags:Asia, Africa, Doha, investment, free-trade

Abstract
This paper is based on Maurice Meisner and M. Pei's negative assessments of growth-focused development in China, noting the production of immense class gaps, rural and urban, but also the presence of millions of migrant workers in addiction to urban poverty.The paper cites an extensive bibliography confirming the positions and the poor prognosis for future correction.

From the Paper
"This paper begins in the predictions of Maurice Meisner and Mixin Pei that present a negative view of China's social future, their views helping an understanding of strong defects in a state socialist system that has chased very high growth rates, through several years. Forgotten are the risks of urban poverty already seen in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Meisner noted in 1999 that market mechanisms had driven from rural areas more than 200 million `redundant' peasants, about half of the rural workforce. (p.534) He estimated that only half of this bloc had found..."

Tags:meisner, pei, urban poverty

Abstract
This article discusses the the factors used to calculate the Global Hunger Index (GHI): the proportion of undernourished as a percentage of the population, the prevalence of underweight children under the age of five, and the mortality rate of children under the age of five. It also suggests the measures required to be taken for each region to improve GHI in their respective countries. Several charts, and tables are included with the paper.

From the Paper
"India's Hunger Index consists of the three components in the following ratio:-- 20:42.5:7.4 (or simply speaking, it is 2.7: 5.7:1). The average of these three values is 23.3, which is India's GHI, 2008. This ratio between various components of the GHI varies from country to country and from state to state in a country. This suggests that the underweight children's proportion is more than double of proportion of the undernourished children, which needs to be explained. It is quite understandable that underweight of all the children may not prove to be fatal. There can be various reasons for that, one of the most important being the issues connected with measurement of malnutrition. Purnima Menon, Anil Deolalikar and Anjor Bhaskar in The India State Hunger Index: Comparisons Of Hunger Across States(2008) have analysed the trends of various States of India based on data taken mainly from NFHS-III and 61th round of National Sample Survey, in which the norms for malnutrition and poverty differ from the FAO standards. They have explained the variation of GHI from 1994 and 2008 in terms of the States' growth rates (SGDP) during the period. As per the study, though there exists a strong relationship between India State Hunger Index (ISHI) and population below poverty-line, a few states deviate from the predicted line. Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh are clear "negative outliers", meaning that they have a much higher hunger index than would be expected based on their poverty level; Punjab, Orissa and Kerala, on the other hand, stand out as "positive deviants"- that is, they have significantly lower hunger index scores than would be expected of states with their level of poverty. Similarly, they found an inverse relationship between the per capita growth and ISHI but there also, there were deviant states. For instance, Madhya Pradesh again stands out as having a much higher level of hunger than would be expected based on its per capita income; Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are also "negative outliers", as is Maharashtra which has a hunger index almost as high as that of Orissa , but a NSDP twice as large. Several states are also doing better than expected given their economic level, with Punjab being a noticeable positive outlier, and, to a smaller extent, Kerala, Assam and Rajasthan. For these deviations, their study suggests that a closer look at the past and the present investments by the states in social protection, health and nutrition can help inform the debate on the policy initiatives to protect population against hunger even in face of poverty."

Tags:GHI, Poverty, Total Fertility Rate, UN Millennium Goals

Abstract
This paper explains that global poverty is multidimensional with no agreement on how to universally measure and describe it especially under the differing realms of developed and developing nations. Next, the author describes the ways that international institutions, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization, have attempted to alleviate and reduce global poverty especially in third world nations; however, their efforts are inadequate. The paper concludes that the efforts of international financial institutions at poverty reduction will always fail because the economic policies they promote make poverty all the more widespread.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Global Poverty: The Case in Action
Global Poverty: Accomplishment Report
Global Poverty: The Less Popular Discourse
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Global Poverty Report in 2000 presented in the G8 Okinawa Summit by distinct global financial institutions such as the World Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Inter-American Development Bank claim that major improvements in the health and education status of developing nations. They also claim that globalization, volatility of commodity prices, and mobile private and official capital made a powerful impact on poverty reduction. The role of multilateral development banks and the IMF in the global level involve helping in shaping international rules and ensure provision of global public goods."

Tags:strategy, indispensable commodities, supranational, manipulative operations, capitalist exploitation

Abstract
The paper discusses how findings of the current study show that while globalization poses many threats to emerging countries like China and India, ethical governance focusing on human rights can unleash the economic benefits of globalization and thus reduce poverty and suffering around the globe. More specifically, the paper explains that modernization theory suggests that cultures that adapt to Western political and economic strategies benefit in terms of economic stability and the reduction of poverty.

Tags:globalization, human rights, industrial relations