Abstract This paper explains how liberalization, capitalist activities and new urbanization have created internal migration within mainland China where regulated movement was normal into the 1980s. The author points out that this migration has created new wealth, waged labor, more minority member arrivals in cities and women migrants. The paper relates that the old family-oriented strategies also have driven this internal migration.
From the Paper "When one looks at a map of the Peoples' Republic of China (PRC) one always sees a larger number of noted towns and cities as the eye moves, west to east. Until the late 1980s, the state controlled the growth of urban centers, carefully, and with people's movement limited towards the cities. Migration control policies worked to help the economy, stopping over-population in areas without employment, while seeing that labor was provided as needed, in other areas. The change to 'Marketization' meant that the central government's control over the movement of peoples began to decline."
Abstract This paper stresses that, although many economists point to China's rapidly growing economy and decreasing poverty rate, the figures on poverty in the country are still alarming, especially in the rural areas. The author points out that policy measures focusing on local poor regions should include promoting growth of resource improvement, rural education, labor issues and health, especially as sickness issues are one of the primary factors driving China's rural poverty. The paper relates that the bulk of poverty reduction techniques for China should involve taxation, international aid and the abolishment of the vast rural-urban segmentation characteristic of China, a situation that is being exacerbated by China's growing industrialization. The paper includes several quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Poverty in China: Background
Poverty in China: Important Issues for Address
Policy Measures for Improving China's Poverty Conclusion
From the Paper "It is an unarguable fact that China's poverty problem is primarily rural. China is generally being effective in reducing its absolute poverty; however, relative poverty appears to be increasing. China's spread of poverty is highly regional. ... China's widening economic disparity is generally thought to exist owing to reform and structural changes within the nation that shifted "central planning to markets and from agriculture to manufacturing and services, and opening up to international trade and knowledge transfer." The nation showcases a distinctive lack of rural job opportunities under a climate of increasing industrialization."
Tags: rural, urban, health, taxation, international
Abstract Summary: This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Chinese entering the World Trade Organization. By understanding the different elements of this type of major deal in trade, we can see how this might affect the lives of the Chinese on a world basis. The effects of internationalization of this country has been an issue in recent times, and this deal would have significant affects on China.
Abstract This paper explains that the Taino Indians inhabited the island at least 5,000 years prior to Christopher Columbus' discovery of America; these natives were eliminated by smallpox, which Columbus brought with him. The author points out that the Trujillo administration for more than thirty years made massive spending in building infrastructure; however, the despot himself, his family and his associates cornered the major part of the monetary gains. The paper relates that the pattern of the last 500 years of abysmal poverty and complete government mismanagement and corruption by the people in power has continued with the election of President Leonel Fernandez, who made the things ever worse when he depreciated the currency to the dollar by 50% and enhanced taxes and prices to insure poverty for his people.
From the Paper "During the late 1970s, the pace of economic growth demonstrated a shortfall while the sugar prices varied and the quadrupling of oil prices that initiated in 1973 converted the terms of trade of the nation to become negative. Progressive deficits in the balance of payments, reducing revenues of the government coming out of the extensive tax exemptions, and growing expenditures on state-operated companies quickly enhanced the national debt. During the early 1980s, oil prices again enhanced to a great extent, the international recessions diverted the local economy, and sugar prices hit a forty-year low, and never before high interest rates on foreign loans threw the economy into the whirlwind of balance of payments deficit and growing external debt."
Abstract This paper explains that the United States has been plagued by questions of its policy toward the PeoplesRepublic of China and Taiwan, formally known as the Republic of China. The author outlines the history of this area after the Chinese civil war and of the U. S. policy throughout the early part of the cold war and after President Nixon's visit to China and the Shanghai Communiques in which both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic relations. The author recommends that the U.S. policy should continue as presented in these joint communiques and that Taiwan should rejoin China as a special administrative region similar to Hong Kong.
From the Paper "Politically, the situation isn't as clear cut, hence the reason why it remains an issue. Simply put, the Peoples Republic of China have communist system, meanwhile Taiwan and the United States have a democratic system. This is the reason why throughout the cold war we gave our support to Taiwan, because of the domino theory and a belief that communist was complete evil. Under the domino theory if we had not supported Taiwan then they most certainly would have been taken over by China and we wouldn't have our capitalist "base" right next to one of our biggest enemies of the early cold war."
Tags: communiques democratic soviets military, sole legal government
This paper analyzes the development of the modes of production in the socialist PeoplesRepublic of China (PRC): Development, decentralization, reforms, foreign participation and commercial law.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 21 sources, 1990, $ 111.95
From the Paper "This research provides an analysis of the development of the modes of production in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). As the PRC began as, and remains primarily a socialist economy, the focus of the Analysis is on socialist economic concepts.
Socialist Economic Concepts, and China
At the theoretical level, Marxist economics is relatively close to classical economics. Classical economics represented the prevailing economic theory at the time Marx formulated his original principles. Karl Marx adapted classical economic theory, and, through the ensuing years, particularly since the creation of the Soviet Union, later-day Marxist economists have further refined the theory.
Karl Marx, in his writings related to economics, contributed
This paper is an overview of mainland China, the PeoplesRepublic of Chinaa: Society: ethnicity, population control policy, communal living, agriculture, income, employment and education.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, 1991, $ 63.95
From the Paper "This research provides a social profile of the typical individual in Mainland China--the Peoples Republic of China. Where appropriate, contrasts are made on a regional basis, north versus south, as an example. More often, however, the relevant contrast is between urban and rural Chinese.
Ethnicity
Officially, there are 56 nationality, or ethnic, population groups in Mainland China. In the 55 smaller groups, there are 70 million people (greater than the population of most countries) who are distributed over 60 percent of China's geographic area. The country's largest ethnic group--the Han Chinese, however, number in excess of one billion persons."
Abstract This paper discusses the current state of poverty in China, the level of reduction in poverty the country has achieved, and what the country may be able to do about the issue in the future, noting that an issue to be considered when doing business in China is the degree of poverty faced in that country and how well China is doing at reducing the levels of poverty so as to bring the whole country to a new economic structure.
From the Paper "Two facts are well-known and accepted by most Americans: first, China is a huge country with a massive population; and second, China is a Communist country that may or may not be in transition to a more market-oriented economy. The size of China is one of the reasons why many U.S. companies want to do business there, for these companies see this huge population as a new consumer base. The U.S. government, and many other Western governments, support doing business with China from the view that this will help lead China to a different market orientation and will increase freedom in China over time."
Abstract The paper examines the background of the Korean War and looks at all possible causes that led to its start and contributed to its escalation and sustenance for such a long period. The paper includes the perspective of all the parties involved, including North and South Korea, the United States, the Soviet Union and the PeoplesRepublic of China. The paper shows how the underlying cause was embedded in the Korean history of the first half of the 20th century and the international ideological struggle between the forces of Communism and Capitalism.
Outline:
Background
The Causes of the Korean War
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Korean War refers to the military conflict between North and South Korea that started on June 25, 1950 and lasted until the armistice signed on July 27, 1953. During the war, both adversaries attempted to re-unify the country under their own regimes and ideology and several major powers including the United States, the UN forces, the Peoples Republic of China, and the Soviet Union also became involved in the conflict. It has at times been dubbed as a civil war between the two Koreas; at other times it is described as a proxy war between the forces of Communism led by USSR and China on the one side and the forces of Capitalist led by United States on the other, fought in the backdrop of the post-World War II Cold War."
Tags: communism, capitalism, United, States, Soviet, Union, Peoples, Republic, of, China
An examination of the concept of Greater China as it is described by Harry Harding in his essay "The Concept of Greater China: Themes, Variations, and Reservations".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, 2005, $ 35.95
Abstract This paper examines how Harry Harding in his essay "The Concept of Greater China: Themes, Variations, and Reservations", describes a China that goes beyond the geographic and political boundaries of the People s Republic of China. This China which includes Chinese communities around the world is becoming more closely integrated through trade and technology. The paper examines this idea of Greater China as it is described by Harding and other writers.
From the Paper "Harry Harding, in his essay "The Concept of Greater China: Themes, Variations and Reservations," describes a "China" that goes beyond the geographic and political boundaries of the People's Republic of China. This China, which includes Chinese communities around the world, is becoming more closely integrated through trade and technology. In this paper I will examine this idea of Greater China as it is described by Harding and other writers."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that the global economic structure, otherwise referred to as globalism or globalization, has seen increased attention being paid to poverty levels in emerging and developing markets. The writer maintains that understanding poverty and how to alleviate it is a critical component of joining the rank of first world nations. The writer points out that while the list of countries that have encouraged foreign investment and trade is growing, the fact remains that few have experienced the type of economic success that China and India have experienced. The writer argues that the discussion of poverty and its alleviation, vis-a-vis China or indeed any other emerging market, is really a discussion of how these economic structures are re-characterized in respect to the global economy. The writer maintains that the intent is to assist these markets with their internal economic structures, without compromising national integrity, so as to result in a more universal elevation of quality of life standards across the spectrum of their societies.
Outline:
Overview
China & Poverty Success Factors
The Global/Local Connection
From the Paper "By utilizing more accurate measures for poverty, the result is a decidedly different number relative to ascertaining the number of individuals living below the poverty line. The typical measure utilized by most Western nations and international organizations is the $1 per day measure of income which is the point at which individuals can adequately provide for themselves and their families at sustenance level and by this measure, China's poverty level increases dramatically. However, in spite of this divergence over the effectiveness in determining poverty levels, there can be no argument that China has made progress in alleviating poverty through a series of economic and development policy issues that has seen average wage increases for many .. "
Abstract This research examines the human-rights status of young people and women in the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.). The research sets forth the historical and cultural background in which human-rights issue fronts have emerged in the P.R.C., particularly with respect to conditions faced by women and children in the country. The paper then discusses the prospect of improvement of those conditions.
From the Paper "The history of the P.R.C. since the 1949 revolution has been marked by patterns of human-rights violations that have been associated with the ideological revolutionary posture assumed by Mao Zedong. Mao's ideology was predicated of the concept of permanent revolution, which by implication meant permanent violence internal to Chinese experience. The human-rights implications of this may be derived from a 1969 report by Time on the content of the Cultural Revolution, which noted that "the Chinese made a practice of marching prisoners to the center of the river, accusing them of being pro-Soviet traitors, and then beheading them."
Abstract This paper examines the recent relations between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. Taiwan seems to have given up on reunification towards a separate identity and China has continuously threatened and attempted to intimidate Taiwan with ultimatums and display of military and international political force. On the other hand, the trade collaboration between these two countries is growing. This paper studies the relations between these countries in the last decade from a political and economical point of view. It concludes that the relationship is still intrinsically a volatile one, for both states still remain resolute on the most fundamental issue of sovereignty.
From the Paper "When Mao and the communists defeated the Nationalist government in 1949, Chiang and his two million supporters fled China and sought refuge in the small island of Taiwan, with a promise to one day reclaim the mainland. At the time, Taiwan was considered a province of China. Demands for independence began in the 1960s as a small voice, for the Nationalist Party in power still hoped for eventual reunification with China, and has grown stronger ever since. All the while, China has not wavered for even a moment from her position that Taiwan is not its own sovereign nation but only a province of the mainland country."
Tags: Taiwan, China, political, economical, commercial, sovereignty, country, ties, international
Abstract This paper explains that of the roughly one billion people populating the PeoplesRepublic of China, a large segment of this population resides in areas that have often failed to produce enough food to sustain even half the size of its residents. The author relates that this situation is gradually changing. The paper continues that this phenomenon epitomizes the success of government population planning, which indicates that the One-Child policy has been successful to a certain degree.
Abstract This paper explains China's political development from the point of view of a writer who is sympathetic to what Communism promised the Chinese masses and slightly critical of what has taken form. It provides a critical review of developments in China after the success of the Communist Revolution of 1949, through to the 1978 reforms of Deng.
From the Paper "This paper provides a critical review of developments in China after the success of the Communist Revolution of 1949, through to the 1978 reforms of Deng. These, more or less, indicated the failure of Marxist-Leninist Communism in the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1982, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) would step away from Maoism towards a Party governed by a Constitution. In closing one era of Chinese Communism and moving on to another, the CCP noted the strong contributions of Chairman Mao in establishing the People's Republic of China, but indicated the need for further revision. "
