Abstract This paper examines Carol Dweck's research on learning theories and forms of praise. The paper explains that Carol Dweck's research presents one of the earliest statements of a theory of "learned helplessness" as an impediment to learning in children. The paper looks at how Dr. Dweck asserts that praise along the lines of "Gee, you're really smart!" could actually teach a child learned helplessness, while praise phrased in terms of "Gee, you must have worked really hard to do that!" could encourage the children to develop creative thinking and problem-solving skills. The paper points out that Dr. Dweck adopts a tone that is clearly intended for a general audience, and especially for parents seeking to enhance their children's educational success.
From the Paper "In current American culture, with its tremendous emphasis on success in education, Dr. Dweck's research has been widely popularized. Recently, a prominent article in New York relied heavily on her theories in presenting an account of a young boy whose IQ ranks him in the top 100th of the top 1% of all students. Yet this child, who had the trappings of a genius, did poorly in school. Reviewing Dweck's research and tracking her reasoning very closely, author Po Bronson explained how this research has shown that children are very sensitive to this sort of categorization, and very responsive to the "Gee, you must have worked very hard!" sort of praise, and very vulnerable to the "you're smart" mis-praise."
Abstract This paper explains that the examination of a popular press article and another article from a scholarly journal reveals some fundamental differences in the ways in which the authors and the publications pursue the specific question of atavisms and the general matter of science. The author points out that, whereas the scholarly articles are cautious, highly specific and backed by applied research, the popular press discussion of atavisms is written with more attention to capturing and retaining the interest of the reader. The paper states that popular articles tend to do a better job of contextualizing the scientificdata being presented and the implications of the research being conducted. The author concludes that both of these types of science writing have their place although each would benefit from incorporating techniques from the other.
From the Paper "To counter this historical attitude, Le Page (2007) presents a series of recent studies and findings on the subject that indicate that evolutionary atavisms can take place, if only rarely and under certain circumstances. The examples used are always specific and detailed, and the author attempts to provide a human context for research with direct quotes from researchers and reactions from the public and scientific community. Once Le Page sets up this division, the conflict of the article between accepted biological wisdom and new, contrary evidence, he can start to present possible solutions."
Abstract This paper presents a history of the scientific method of thought and explains its purpose, as well as the steps involved in the scientific process. The paper further explains that the scientific method is very closely related to science, the process of human inquiry that is a major aspect of today's modern world and, that, despite the fact that this method appears simple and logical in its explanation, we should still recognize the complexity that is involved in gaining new knowledge that can be applied to other situations in the future.
From the Paper "The term "science" denotes both a certain type of activity and its results (Wolman 1960, p. 497). Frequently, delineation is made between the actual "research" conducted and the resulting "system," which are both described as scientific. Scientific research is aimed at the discovery of truth and a scientific system includes propositions, statements or sentences that represent this truth (Wolman 1960, p. 497). Whitehead (1911 p. 157) noted that common sense is "a bad master for the evaluation of knowledge." Science revolves around the terms "systematic" and "controlled." Scientists systematically build theoretical structures and exam them for any existing inconsistencies. Further, in scientific research, the scientist attempts to delete variables that are potential causes of the effects and not those that are hypothesized to be causes."
Abstract This paper describes that data structure is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. The paper then goes on to describe how computers store the said data in terms of binary data presentations using Boolean logic. Furthermore, the paper describes data in the form of bits, along with converting binary data into decimals. Lastly, the paper talks about a computer's physical memory, which is based on one of two systems: (1) Random access memory (RAM), or (2) Read-only memory (ROM), and goes on to talk specifically about different coding systems.
From the Paper "Data directly supported by CPU are called primary data type or machine data type computers. CPUs also process complex data type such as string, array, text files, databases, and image data such as MP3, jpeg, and mpeg. However, 64-bit and the 128-bit use different math functions in order to maintain portability. In each case, there is a signed and unsigned integer type associated with each. Excess notation is a format that is used to represent a signed integer and represents numbers in order and at the transition point; the high-order bit is set at zero. This represents the excess number. Positive numbers are above in order, negative below (Burd 78). Zero represents the excess identifier therefore; the excess 16 notation shows the value for zero is the bit pattern for 16 that is 10000."
Tags: RAM systems, data structure, software, boolean logic, memory
Abstract Thomas S. Kuhn's structural account on the production of scientific knowledge constructs a generalized picture of the process by which a science is born and undergoes change and development. This paper explains that for Kuhn, science is a social system. It looks at how Kuhn analyzes the structure of scientific revolutions using several key concepts. He uses the term paradigm for an archetypal experiment or problem solution that implicitly tells scientists how to look at the world. This paper discusses how Kuhn's thesis about scientific authority utilizes the notion of normal science which he defines as science that uses a past achievement as a model and guide for formulating and solving new problems about the world which are based on paradigms. In addition, scientific revolutions occur when one paradigm is replaced by another. The writer also explains that as a result, paradigms play an important role in both normal science and scientific revolutions.
From the Paper "The production of scientific knowledge undergoes six main steps. The first is a pre-paradigm stage in which the natural phenomena that later form the subject matter of a mature science are studied and explained from widely differing points of view. Next comes the emergence of a paradigm, embodied in the published works of one or more recognized scientists, defining and exemplifying the concepts and methods of research appropriate to the study of a certain class of natural phenomena, and serving as an inspiration to further research by its promise of success in explaining those phenomena. The third stage in the development of scientific knowledge is a period of normal science in which theories are explored and scientific puzzles are solved. A critical stage is the discovery of natural phenomena that violate the expectations governed by paradigms. In this stage, new theories are designed to explain these anomalous facts and then an abrupt transition to a new paradigm takes place in which a new conceptual and methodological framework arises which replaces the old. The final stage in the structure of scientific knowledge is the continuation of normal science within the new paradigm. This continues until the whole process repeats itself."
Abstract This paper reviews Thomas Kuhn's book about scientific advances entitled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." The paper focuses on several key elements and definitions in the work, with an emphasis on the concept of the scientific paradigm. The reviewer then discusses the role of paradigms in scientific revolutions, citing Kuhn's theory that revolutions appear when an old paradigm is substituted by a new one. Finally, the paper presents Kuhn's view of the past, present, evolution and future of science. The reviewer further describes Kuhn's view of the importance of crises in facilitating the evolution of science. The review concludes that Kuhn 's theory of paradigm and paradigm shifts gives a revolutionary description of scientific progress.
Outline:
Thomas Kuhn's Concept of Paradigm
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Past, Present, Evolution and Future of Science
Reference List
From the Paper " First of all, Kuhn (1996) introduces the notion of "normal science", that is, according to him, the science that bases its research on previous research which is recognized as valid by a scientific community. (p.10) It is the structure of normal science that the book proposes to investigate. Furthermore, Kuhn (1996) argues that the most salient aspect of scientific evolution in time is the fact that science does not progress through leaps or through unrelated sets of investigations. On the contrary, scientific research is always conducted under a paradigm, or, to put it differently, all research is based on previous scientific data. The scientific paradigm can be defined as a certain common pattern in scientific research, or a certain set of accepted world views that are held as true for a period of time. The paradigm is thus a set of common beliefs about the world, based on past research. "
Abstract This paper describes the steps involved in the scientific method and gives some examples of the concepts involved in the idea. It describes some experiments which used scientific method, and defines what is needed to make a hypothesis.
From the Paper "The scientific method consists of a number of logical steps that are taken to verify a process situation or scientific fact. It begins by the development of axioms and assumptions which are usually made on the basis of observations by the scientists, e.g., Vesalius made the first accurate description of the arterial and venous systems of the human body based on first-hand observations he gained from dissection of a number of human bodies. "The accuracy of observations gains..."
Abstract In this article, the writer explores the scientific method. The writer describes and defines the phrase scientific method. The writer then studies how the scientific method is used. In this paper, the writer outlines an example of use of the method in order to determine why the grass on one lawn is dead, while that on the neighbor's lawn is healthy.
From the Paper "The scientific method is the process by which scientists collectively over time construct an accurate representation of the world. The first step is to observe and describe some phenomenon which is of interest. Next a hypothesis is developed to explain the phenomenon. In the third step, the hypothesis is used to make predictions about new phenomena or the results of these new phenomena. Fourthly, these predictions are tested by experimentation or further observation. Steps three and four are then repeated until consistent results are obtained. This often ... "
Abstract This paper discusses whether or not Americans today are scientifically illiterate. The author makes comparisons to other countries, and discusses what a scientifically aware person should be able to understand.
From the Paper "The question about whether science education in America is adequate enough has been raised over the past few decades. People claim that they are scientifically aware and are quite capable of irrational thinking. On the other hand, surveys have been conducted to show that most people are, in fact, ?scientifically illiterate.? One would expect that if a nation truly was scientifically aware, than at least half the population would be able to correctly answer simple problems about the Earth and the elements within this planet. However, according to a new survey conducted by the National Science Foundation, ?only about 23 percent of those adults understand the nature of scientific inquiry well enough to make informed judgments about those science stories.?
Tags: literate, scientifically, awareness, education, science, knowledge, information, population, society
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the religious philosophies and teachings of Scholasticism and Humanism, followed by a discussion of the various permutations these have caused since their inception. It provides an analysis of how the scientific method emerged from this environment and a description of real-world applications of these principles in the classroom today. This is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion. Several graphics are also provided.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
The History of Discovery
A. Physics
B. Astronomy
C. Chemistry
The Rise of Scientific Experimentation and Famous Experiments
A. Galileo
B. Newton
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Religious Philosophies and Teachings. Scholasticism is the philosophic and theological movement that attempted to use natural human reason, in particular, the philosophy and science of Aristotle, to understand the supernatural content of Christian revelation. It was dominant in the medieval Christian schools and universities of Europe from about the middle of the 11th century to about the middle of the 15th century. The ultimate ideal of the movement was to integrate into an ordered system both the natural wisdom of Greece and Rome and the religious wisdom of Christianity."
Abstract Data mining has become a very important concept today and is used by companies all over the world to increase their profits and target the right market. The paper talks about the different aspects of data mining, tools used, and future trends in data mining. Data mining benefits are discussed in detail, and an entire discussion related to the trends in data mining is presented.
1-Background
2-Introduction
3-Data Mining Growth and Tools
4-The Data Mining Process
5-Data Mining Market Place Trends
6-The Data in Data Mining and Meta Data 7-Types of Data Mining Problems
8-Privacy and Ethical Sensitivity in Data Mining Results
9-Future Prospects of Data Mining
10-Works Cited
From the Paper "Data, particularly in the vast diversity and immense quantity that it is available to modern business, was till recently almost very hard to find and understand. Yet, the comprehension of data is the most crucial step to extracting the knowledge that it contains. The scenario has drastically changed today where data is much more easily available and has become more "meaningful" with the utilization of Data Mining. Today, technology offers business managers powerful new tools for gleaning knowledge from data-the essentials of data mining. Data mining has become increasingly important to mainstream companies to become more competitive both in their workings and their customer based relationships. Data mining, as such is of great interest because it is imperative for organizations to grasp the competitive value of information contained within their data repositories. There are a number of pertinent benefits of data mining. First of all, data mining provides the tools and techniques that are essential for optimization of customer relationships. Secondly, data mining provides an automatic method of discovering patterns in data. Thirdly, but not the least, data mining tools can identify the relationships that are actually present in historical data."
Abstract This paper summarizes the steps of the scientific method. In this article, the writer offers an example of scientific method through the discussion of an experiment conducted using such method. In the second part, the paper explains the differences between living and non living things. The writer also discusses why some people believe that fire is a living thing. The writer concludes by explaining why fire is not living.
From the Paper "The scientific method is a method of analyzing a scientific problem in a systematic way. In this method the scientist does not make assumptions, leap to conclusions, or make decisions based on feeling. This method is strictly based on observable facts. The five basic steps to the scientific method are research problem hypothesis problem, experimentation and project conclusion. To initiate an investigation, the scientist first selects a project topic to investigate. Then he researches it by collecting information on it from a variety of sources ... "
Tags: biology, scientific method, living things, nonliving things, fire
Abstract This paper reviews a case whereby the scientific method is used to solve a problem with a garden lawn. According to the paper, the lawn is short, brown, dry, and dead, while the neighbor's lawn is lush, tall, green, alive, and healthy. The first application of the scientific method raises the question "Why is the lawn dead while the neighbour's is alive?".
Abstract This paper examines the link between Leonardo da Vinci's art and the Scientific Revolution, discussing various factors such as the mathematization of nature, the study of perspective, and the golden ratio. Figures of related works are included.
From the Paper "Art and science have long been presumed to be polar opposites, the one fueled by fantasy and creativity and the other by the mathematics and natural laws that are viewed as the other end of the spectrum. This is an incomplete and inaccurate perception, however. Art and science are, in fact, integrally connected and their premises are closely allied. The mathematical systems that science is based on are as much a part of art as of science, although art is..."
Tags:Scientific Revolution, Leonardo da Vinci, art, inventions, perspective, mathematization of nature, golden ratio, Phi
Abstract This paper explains the basic concepts behind the Scientific Principles of Business Management. The author defines the terms, discusses its effects on the workers and productivity and relates the perceived worker motivations used in this model. The paper contrasts this model of management with some of the concepts behind the Behavioral or Human Resources concept of management.
From the Paper "Frederick Winslow Taylor created the Scientific Principles of Business Management. His idea was to redesign the workers' role in business by modeling it on the design of a machine. In Taylor's format for business organization, workers should mimic the machine parts, to be silent and operating without question. Workers were to be inexpensive and easily replaced or interchangeable as well (Wertheim, par. 6). He determined that there were four principles by which workers should operate: specialization, unity of command, span of control, and organization by purpose. This paper discusses his principles of scientific management, with a focus on how it affected workers and their productivity. The discussion includes the perception of how this form of management motivates workers in their job performance. Finally, it contrasts with the Behavioral Model of management."
